Cerebrum + Suculi Gyri
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
(sides) major role in working memory; controls the visual spatial sketchpad and auditory working memory
Arcuate Fasciculus
A white matter tract that connects Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area through the Temporal, Parietal and Frontal Lobes. Allows for coordinated, comprehensible speech.; damage causes conduction aphasia
basal ganglia
AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION: subcortical system (gray matter) which contributes to the planning and programming of muscle action and movement; control movement regulates automatic movements (breathing) ; difficulty leads to perseveration;
Wernicke's aphasia
Aphasia resulting from damage to the Wernicke's area of the frontal lobe. Affects written and spoken language.
Ventricles
Fluid filled balloon-like regions that separate the cerebral cortex from substructures of the brain
5 lobes of the cerebrum
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Insula
auditory association area
Located directly below primary auditory cortex, transforms basic sensory information, such as noises or sounds, into recognizable auditory information, such as words or music.
visual association area
Located next to the primary visual cortex, transforms basic sensations, such as lights, lines, colors, and textures, into complete, meaningful visual perceptions, such as persons, objects, or animals.
Broca's aphasia
Loss of function associated with damage to a specific area of the left frontal lobe, demonstrated by impairment in producing understandable speech.
Hippocampus
Part of limbic system; a strong role in the transition of memory from short-term to long-term
Hypothalamus
REMOVEhelps maintain homeostasis as it controls regulation of temperature, appetite, sex drive & sleep patterns
Cingulate cortex
THOUGHT APPRASSOR & REGULATORanterior: EXECUTIVE SECRETARYimportant because it is considered to be the brain's emotional control center
Phonological Loop
Temporal lobe structure; phonological memory and auditory & verbal rehearsal region (verbal working memory)
association areas of the brain
Where does integration and interpretation (makes sense of what is actually happening) happen? higher intellectual processes such as concentrating, problem solving, understanding of speech, reading, choosing words to express thoughts, controls emotional behavior and awareness of consequence; Areas include somatic motor, somatic sensory, visual, auditory, and the pre-frontal cortex
Diencephalon
a brain region that surrounds the midline 3rd ventricle and consists of the Epithalamus, Thalamus & Hypothalamus
Limbic system
a complex group of interconnected brain structures and fibers tracts located within and adjacent to the medial surface of the temporal lobes; system involved in aggression, submissive and sexual behavior, memory, learning, and general emotional responses
longitudinal fissure
a long deep furrow that divides the left and right cerebral hemispheres
Cingulate gyrus
a prominent gyrus located on the medial border of each cerebral hemisphere just superior to the corpus callosum
Claustrum
a thin linear layer of gray matter lying between the insula and the lentiform nucleus; thought to be involved with the mediation of visual attention
pituitary gland (hypophysis)
an endocrine gland connected to the hypothalamus; controls and regulates the functions of many other glands through the action of its six major types of hormones
Pineal gland
an endocrine structure that makes up the epithalamus; secretes the hormone melatonin that aids in the regulation of day-night cycles and reproductive functions
Sensory Areas
area concerned with conscious awareness of sensation; occur in the parietal, insular, temporal, and occipital lobes
Insula (island of Reil)
area of cortical gray matter "under" the parietal, frontal and temporal lobes; often referred to as the fifth lobe; thought to mediate the motor and sensory functions of the viscera
premotor cortex
area of the frontal cortex, just anterior to the primary motor cortex, active during the planning of a movement
Primary somatosensory cortex
area of the parietal lobe where messages from the sense receptors are registered (touch, pain, temp) and position of limbs/body parts; cell density of cortex is proportional to sensitivity of sensing area (lips more dense than heel)
precentral gyrus
considered the motor strip of the brain; located on the frontal lobe
postcentral gyrus
considered the sensory strip of the brain; located on the parietal lobe
broca's area
controls language expression-an area of the frontal, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements/memory involved in speech; area develops after comprehension areas; plays important role in reading process
Wernicke's area
controls language reception-a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression;usually in the left temporal lobe
fissures
deep grooves that separate the gyri
Temporal lobe
functions of this lobe include conscious perceptions of auditory and olfactory stimuli as well as dominance for language
primary auditory cortex
in the temporal lobe of the brain, this part of the cortex receives and processes hearing information from the thalamus
hypothalamus
limbic system structure; regulates appetite, directs eating, drinking, body temperature, sex drive, sleep patterns; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
prefrontal cortex
most frontal region of the frontal lobe; involved in higher-order cognitive processes (planning, decision making, emotional control)
6 layers of the cerebral cortex
neocortex (90%) of cerebral cortex each layer executes unique functions: Layer 4 is input layer Layer 6 is output layer layers communicate through cortical columns
gyri (a gyrus)
neural tissue arranged in numerous folds contained in each hemisphere
Thalamus
part of the diencephalon that serves as a relay station to and from the cerebral cortex for all sensory stimuli with exception of the olfactory nerves
amygdala
part of the limbic system, two almond-shaped masses of gray matter adjacent to hippocampus; coordinates the actions of the autonomic & endocrine systems; coordinates fear response & is concerned w/olfactory reflexes and aggressive and sexual behavior
primary visual cortex
receives input from the optic tract via the optic radiations extending from the thalamus an area at the back of the brain to which neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus relay visual input
somatosensory association area
responsible for integrating/interpreting sensations. Helps determine the exact shape/texture of an object w/o looking at it
Parieto-occipital sulcus
separates the parietal and occipital lobes
Lateral sulcus
separates the temporal lobe from the other superficially, and at its deepest penetration this sulcus locates the insula that is "under" the parietal, frontal and temporal lobes
sulci (a sulculus)
shallow grooves that separate the gyri
Left Hemisphere posterior parietal lobe
symbol recognition (letters and numbers); crucial for development of orthographical representations of words
Olfactory bulbs
temporal lobe at base of frontal; sense of smell; direct connection between o.b. amygdala and hippocampus; connected to pleasure center of limbic center resulting in strong memory associations with smell
working memory
the ability to hold something in mind and manipulate it mentally
superior temporal gyrus
the auditory cortex, which can be divided into the primary and secondary auditory areas is located on this structure
thalamus
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
Parahippocampal gyrus
the inrolled medial border of the temporal lobe that resembles the shape of a seahorse when viewed in the coronal plane made up of the Hippocampus and amygdala; involved in memory processing
corpus callosum
the largest and densest bundle of white matter fibers within the cerebrum; forms the roof of the lateral ventricles and connects area in the right hemi to similar areas in the left hemispheres
cerebrum
the largest portion of the brain that is divided into left and right hemispheres
central sulcus
the main sulcus that can be identified on CT and MRI images of the brain; divides the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe & postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
midbrain
the middle division of brain responsible for hearing and sight; location where pain is registered; includes temporal lobe, occipital lobe, and most of the parietal lobe
cerebral cortex
the outermost portion of the cerebrum; composed of gray matter approx. 3-5 mm thick; performs cognitive function: reasoning, thinking, receiving and reflecting
Heschl's gyrus
the primary auditory area; receives the major auditory sensory information from the bilateral cochlea
primary motor cortex
the section of the frontal lobe directly responsible for voluntary movement; "homunculus" ; motor functions mapped onto motor strip in a particular order; mapping is proportional to degree of fine motor skills uses (lips vs thigh)
Caudate nucleus & Lentiform nucleus
these 2 are the largest of the basal nuclei and serve as relay stations between the thalamus and cerebral cortex of the same side
Olfactory tracts
these run underneath the frontal lobes and connect to the amygdala to bring info. on the sense of smell to the limbic system
Parietal lobe
this lobe is associated with the perception of temperature, touch, pressure, vibration, pain, and taste & is involved in writing and some aspects of reading
Frontal lobe
this lobe mediates functions such as reasoning, judgment, emotional response, planning and execution of complex actions, and control of voluntary muscle movements
Occipital lobe
this lobe of the brain is involved in the conscious perception of visual stimuli
meninges
three layers of connective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord to form a complete enclosure (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater).
mammillary bodies
two small rounded bodies in the floor of the posterior hypothalamus responsible for memory and motivation
