Cerebrum + Suculi Gyri

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Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

(sides) major role in working memory; controls the visual spatial sketchpad and auditory working memory

Arcuate Fasciculus

A white matter tract that connects Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area through the Temporal, Parietal and Frontal Lobes. Allows for coordinated, comprehensible speech.; damage causes conduction aphasia

basal ganglia

AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION: subcortical system (gray matter) which contributes to the planning and programming of muscle action and movement; control movement regulates automatic movements (breathing) ; difficulty leads to perseveration;

Wernicke's aphasia

Aphasia resulting from damage to the Wernicke's area of the frontal lobe. Affects written and spoken language.

Ventricles

Fluid filled balloon-like regions that separate the cerebral cortex from substructures of the brain

5 lobes of the cerebrum

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Insula

auditory association area

Located directly below primary auditory cortex, transforms basic sensory information, such as noises or sounds, into recognizable auditory information, such as words or music.

visual association area

Located next to the primary visual cortex, transforms basic sensations, such as lights, lines, colors, and textures, into complete, meaningful visual perceptions, such as persons, objects, or animals.

Broca's aphasia

Loss of function associated with damage to a specific area of the left frontal lobe, demonstrated by impairment in producing understandable speech.

Hippocampus

Part of limbic system; a strong role in the transition of memory from short-term to long-term

Hypothalamus

REMOVEhelps maintain homeostasis as it controls regulation of temperature, appetite, sex drive & sleep patterns

Cingulate cortex

THOUGHT APPRASSOR & REGULATORanterior: EXECUTIVE SECRETARYimportant because it is considered to be the brain's emotional control center

Phonological Loop

Temporal lobe structure; phonological memory and auditory & verbal rehearsal region (verbal working memory)

association areas of the brain

Where does integration and interpretation (makes sense of what is actually happening) happen? higher intellectual processes such as concentrating, problem solving, understanding of speech, reading, choosing words to express thoughts, controls emotional behavior and awareness of consequence; Areas include somatic motor, somatic sensory, visual, auditory, and the pre-frontal cortex

Diencephalon

a brain region that surrounds the midline 3rd ventricle and consists of the Epithalamus, Thalamus & Hypothalamus

Limbic system

a complex group of interconnected brain structures and fibers tracts located within and adjacent to the medial surface of the temporal lobes; system involved in aggression, submissive and sexual behavior, memory, learning, and general emotional responses

longitudinal fissure

a long deep furrow that divides the left and right cerebral hemispheres

Cingulate gyrus

a prominent gyrus located on the medial border of each cerebral hemisphere just superior to the corpus callosum

Claustrum

a thin linear layer of gray matter lying between the insula and the lentiform nucleus; thought to be involved with the mediation of visual attention

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

an endocrine gland connected to the hypothalamus; controls and regulates the functions of many other glands through the action of its six major types of hormones

Pineal gland

an endocrine structure that makes up the epithalamus; secretes the hormone melatonin that aids in the regulation of day-night cycles and reproductive functions

Sensory Areas

area concerned with conscious awareness of sensation; occur in the parietal, insular, temporal, and occipital lobes

Insula (island of Reil)

area of cortical gray matter "under" the parietal, frontal and temporal lobes; often referred to as the fifth lobe; thought to mediate the motor and sensory functions of the viscera

premotor cortex

area of the frontal cortex, just anterior to the primary motor cortex, active during the planning of a movement

Primary somatosensory cortex

area of the parietal lobe where messages from the sense receptors are registered (touch, pain, temp) and position of limbs/body parts; cell density of cortex is proportional to sensitivity of sensing area (lips more dense than heel)

precentral gyrus

considered the motor strip of the brain; located on the frontal lobe

postcentral gyrus

considered the sensory strip of the brain; located on the parietal lobe

broca's area

controls language expression-an area of the frontal, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements/memory involved in speech; area develops after comprehension areas; plays important role in reading process

Wernicke's area

controls language reception-a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression;usually in the left temporal lobe

fissures

deep grooves that separate the gyri

Temporal lobe

functions of this lobe include conscious perceptions of auditory and olfactory stimuli as well as dominance for language

primary auditory cortex

in the temporal lobe of the brain, this part of the cortex receives and processes hearing information from the thalamus

hypothalamus

limbic system structure; regulates appetite, directs eating, drinking, body temperature, sex drive, sleep patterns; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland

prefrontal cortex

most frontal region of the frontal lobe; involved in higher-order cognitive processes (planning, decision making, emotional control)

6 layers of the cerebral cortex

neocortex (90%) of cerebral cortex each layer executes unique functions: Layer 4 is input layer Layer 6 is output layer layers communicate through cortical columns

gyri (a gyrus)

neural tissue arranged in numerous folds contained in each hemisphere

Thalamus

part of the diencephalon that serves as a relay station to and from the cerebral cortex for all sensory stimuli with exception of the olfactory nerves

amygdala

part of the limbic system, two almond-shaped masses of gray matter adjacent to hippocampus; coordinates the actions of the autonomic & endocrine systems; coordinates fear response & is concerned w/olfactory reflexes and aggressive and sexual behavior

primary visual cortex

receives input from the optic tract via the optic radiations extending from the thalamus an area at the back of the brain to which neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus relay visual input

somatosensory association area

responsible for integrating/interpreting sensations. Helps determine the exact shape/texture of an object w/o looking at it

Parieto-occipital sulcus

separates the parietal and occipital lobes

Lateral sulcus

separates the temporal lobe from the other superficially, and at its deepest penetration this sulcus locates the insula that is "under" the parietal, frontal and temporal lobes

sulci (a sulculus)

shallow grooves that separate the gyri

Left Hemisphere posterior parietal lobe

symbol recognition (letters and numbers); crucial for development of orthographical representations of words

Olfactory bulbs

temporal lobe at base of frontal; sense of smell; direct connection between o.b. amygdala and hippocampus; connected to pleasure center of limbic center resulting in strong memory associations with smell

working memory

the ability to hold something in mind and manipulate it mentally

superior temporal gyrus

the auditory cortex, which can be divided into the primary and secondary auditory areas is located on this structure

thalamus

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

Parahippocampal gyrus

the inrolled medial border of the temporal lobe that resembles the shape of a seahorse when viewed in the coronal plane made up of the Hippocampus and amygdala; involved in memory processing

corpus callosum

the largest and densest bundle of white matter fibers within the cerebrum; forms the roof of the lateral ventricles and connects area in the right hemi to similar areas in the left hemispheres

cerebrum

the largest portion of the brain that is divided into left and right hemispheres

central sulcus

the main sulcus that can be identified on CT and MRI images of the brain; divides the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe & postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

midbrain

the middle division of brain responsible for hearing and sight; location where pain is registered; includes temporal lobe, occipital lobe, and most of the parietal lobe

cerebral cortex

the outermost portion of the cerebrum; composed of gray matter approx. 3-5 mm thick; performs cognitive function: reasoning, thinking, receiving and reflecting

Heschl's gyrus

the primary auditory area; receives the major auditory sensory information from the bilateral cochlea

primary motor cortex

the section of the frontal lobe directly responsible for voluntary movement; "homunculus" ; motor functions mapped onto motor strip in a particular order; mapping is proportional to degree of fine motor skills uses (lips vs thigh)

Caudate nucleus & Lentiform nucleus

these 2 are the largest of the basal nuclei and serve as relay stations between the thalamus and cerebral cortex of the same side

Olfactory tracts

these run underneath the frontal lobes and connect to the amygdala to bring info. on the sense of smell to the limbic system

Parietal lobe

this lobe is associated with the perception of temperature, touch, pressure, vibration, pain, and taste & is involved in writing and some aspects of reading

Frontal lobe

this lobe mediates functions such as reasoning, judgment, emotional response, planning and execution of complex actions, and control of voluntary muscle movements

Occipital lobe

this lobe of the brain is involved in the conscious perception of visual stimuli

meninges

three layers of connective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord to form a complete enclosure (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater).

mammillary bodies

two small rounded bodies in the floor of the posterior hypothalamus responsible for memory and motivation


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