Certify Teacher-STR
Of the following statements, which one does not represent an appropriate understanding about differentiated instruction?
Differentiated instruction consistently places students in homogenous groups that focus on the same literacy skill
Of the following lessons, which should be taught last?
Have students establish a routine for identifying morphemes in words
Which of the following is a sign of dyscalculia?
Shows difficulty understanding concepts of place value
Which of the following steps is the LEAST beneficial for helping English learners prepare to take a standardized test?
Spend the majority of class time on practice tests
In order to accomplish this task effectively, Mrs. Swanson should select book sin which students --
have 5 or less word recognition errors per 100 words of text
The discussion described above is likely to promote the students' reading development by --
having the students make inferences about the passage
Creating such a web is likely to promote students' ability to retain and use information that they read about a topic by --
helping student learn to use categories to organize their thinking about the topic
Mrs. Hightower is a second grade teacher.
1. -- 2. begin reading 3. make connections with prior knowledge 4. if students have any questions 5. a graphic organizer
Read the following sentence and then choose how many possible meanings it can have when spoken. I didn't say he stole the money.
7
The primary grade teachers at Mount Lilac Elementary school, give each student a phonemic awareness assessment each fall. Which of the following assessment results would be a possible indication that a student might need additional assessment, evaluation, or intervention?
A second grader is unable to recognize when a word has had a phonemic change
Teachers of English learners should know the expected stages and patterns of language development for their students as they acquire a second language. Which of the following is a true statement that describes an expected pattern for EL students?
A silent period is common when an EL student is first being exposed to English
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an indicator that a student has a delay in oral language development?
A student has difficulty explaining a concept that way just introduced
In prekindergarten, which of the following would best represent the earliest skill on the continuum of development for knowledge and skills related to the alphabetic principle?
A student names the first letter of their name
By telling the students that they "already use compound words" in their everyday speech, and then giving an example of one word (homework), what teaching technique in this teacher implementing?
Activating Background Knowledge
Which of the following activities would best suit a visual learner?
After handing out to the students pictures of various vocabulary words, they are assigned to correctly identify each one by name.
Sarah applies many strategies to read increasingly more difficult texts, but she often does not self-monitor her reading. What is the best approach for the teacher to take when Sarah is reading to help Sarah become more independent with self-monitoring?
Allow the student to finish the phrase, sentence, or page she is reading to see if she will notice her mistake
Ms. Estep wants to develop and reinforce the development of alphabet knowledge among her preschool students through literature. Which of the following types of books would best support the teaching of letter names and sounds?
Alphabet Books
Izzy has a habit of reading each word and then pausing before beginning the next word. Which of the following is NOT a strategy the teacher can use to help Izzy move more efficiently from reading one word to the next?
Assign Izzy reading passages that are shorter in length so that extra time taken between words will not have as great an effect
Which of the following methods is the most effective method for helping students retain new words they've learned?
Before having students read an article on magnets, the teacher brings some magnets into the classroom and engages students in discussion and experimentation. or While on a field trip at the zoo, the teacher has the students take notes of new vocabulary that they are learning from each exhibit.
Which of the following does NOT describe how phonemic awareness skills help build a foundation for later reading skills?
Blending sounds orally helps lay a foundation for later knowing when words make sense in context
Which of the following best represents appropriate use of decoding texts during instruction?
Decodable texts should only contain phonetic code that a student has learned
A prekindergarten teacher wants to plan instructional activities to help students understand the concept of rhyme. Which of the following should the teacher plan first?
Do these two words rhyme: cut, hut?
Mrs. Kelly conducts daily read-alouds in her first grade classroom. She engages her students throughout a book by asking questions and discussing events. Which of the following teacher questions is least likely to promote oral language in order to assess vocabulary development?
Do you like the story?
Based on current research, which of the following is NOT important in the selection of materials for teaching the alphabetic principle?
Does the program limit the number of letter-sound correspondences taught to one per week?
Based on current research, which of the following is NOT important in the selection of materials for teaching the alphabetic principle?
Does the program limit the number of letter-sound correspondenes taught to one per week?
Mr. Knowles is a first grade teacher. He conducts read-alouds regularly during reading instruction using high-quality, culturally relevant texts. For an upcoming read aloud activity, he wants to support students' understanding of story sequence. What types of questions should Mr. Knowles ask?
During the read aloud, Mr. Knowles stop reading at designated places and asks students questions the "what" stem (e.g., what happened first ___?)
Students in a fourth grade class have been reading and discussing a story. Which of the following informal assessment strategies would likely by most effective in evaluating students' ability to analyze story elements and make personal connections with the text?
Each student pretends to be a character from the story and writes a journal entry reflecting on the significant events of the story
A sixth grade teacher uses a knowledge rating chart to informally assess vocabulary knowledge. Students self-assess their knowledge of the words before and after the vocabulary study. If students know the word, they should be able to use it correctly. If they have heard of it, they may or may not understand the word well. If they don't know it, this is a word absent from their vocabulary. Illustrated below is one student's recorded assessment. The knowledge rating chart described above is likely to increase vocabulary primarily by helping students.
Evaluate one's understanding of words and to monitor their vocabulary growth
Mr. Wansuke has many English learners in his middle school classroom with a wide range of proficiency levels in English. Which of the following strategies would be LEAST helpful for him to use when providing support for the English learners with an intermediate level of English language proficiency in speaking and reading?
Focus mainly on grammar, spelling, and pronunciation
Mrs. Coronado would like to plan on activity that leads to the purposeful use of morphemic analysis as a word learning strategy. Which of the following activities is best suited to achieve this purpose?
Given a specific root, students work with a partner to create a list of words with the root then write definitions for the words on their list
A first grade teacher often assesses children's comprehension of a story she has read aloud by asking them to retell the story. Michael, a child in the teacher's class, can usually answer specific questions about stories he has heard, but he often becomes confused when he tries to retell the story. Which of the following strategies would be most effective in helping Michael retell a story the teacher has read aloud?
Have Michael use figures on a flannel board to help him describe what happened to the characters in the story
A first grade teacher is trying to get her students to recognize the sound made by the letter b. Which of the following activities is most likely to accomplish that?
Have students clap once every time they hear the sound of the letter b in a story the teacher reads to them.
Which of the following is the LEAST helpful strategy for helping students learn new vocabulary?
Have students look up and write out definitions for a new set of words weekly
The answers to inferential comprehension questions are not directly stated in a text. Which of the following strategies provides a way for making the process of using indirect information in the text to answer an inferential question more concrete?
Have students underline or use a sticky note to mark the spot (s) in the text where they found evidence that helps support their answer
Ms. Romanchuk notices that one of her students is decoding words fairly accurately, but is not noticing when the word that is said does not make sense in context. Which of the following actions would provide the LEAST support for her student in using semantic cues?
Have the student locate known sight words in the text, prior to reading.
To help a group of first grade students who are having trouble hearing when two words rhyme, which of the following activities would be LEAST effective in helping them develop this skill?
Have the students do an open sort where they group word cards by similar spelling features.
Mandy, a student in Mrs. Brimwell's first grade class, frequently mixes up the letter "b" and the letter "d" in both reading and writing. Which of the following describes the best approach for Mrs. Brimwell should take to address this?
Help Mandy establish a reference point for one or both letters. For example, Mandy could use her name and the name tag on her desk to check how a "d" is written.
Which of the following statements best explains the relationship between fluency and comprehension?
High-fluency readers generally have better comprehension of text than lower-fluency readers
If you wanted to ask the students a high cognitive question on morphemes, which of the following would you ask?
How do you determine how many morphemes are in a word? Why?
Which of the following is not one of the questions that Mrs. Reynolds should include?
Is the source interesting?
Which of the following statements about phonics and English learners is true?
It may be difficult for English learners to differentiate certain phonemes in English
How would this activity tend to improve students' comprehension skills?
It would improve students' engagement with the text and increase their comprehension
Mr. Clampett notices that Tamekah is often having off suffixes when she reads. He provides direct instruction and practice on noticing and applying suffixes to words when reading. Which of the following would provide the most appropriate assessment for Mr. Clampett to determine if Tamekah has learned and is applying this skill?
Listen to Tamekah read a passage that has several words with suffixes in it.
The use of audiobooks is a helpful learning strategy for students with dyslexia. Which of the following is the LEAST effective reason to encourage the use of audiobooks in dyslexic students?
Listening to audiobooks can be more entertaining than reading on your own.
Mrs. Morgan recently welcomed a new student, Manuela, in her first grade classroom. Manuela is a native Spanish speaker and has appeared to be in the Beginning stage of English language proficiency. Since arriving in class, Manuela has not produced any oral language. Which of the following statements best represent how Mrs. Morgan should respond to Manuela?
Manuela may be going through a silent period during which she is taking in the English language. Mrs. Morgan should continue to monitor Manuela over the next couple of weeks and support her language acquisition through use of appropriate instructional strategies.
Which of the following steps would be most important for the teacher to take when introducing the activity described above?
Model for the class how to make predictions about a story based on its title and illustrations
According to research, which of the following is NOT a justification for teaching the six common syllable types as a strategy for reading multisyllabic words?
Most syllable division principles, rules, and generalizations are unreliable and discredit the necessity of teaching syllable types
After analyzing the results of this assessment, Mr. Friedman identified four students who demonstrated challenges with the letter "D." Which of the following strategies best represents a research-based approach for differentiating instruction to address the assessed needs of these students?
Mr. Friedman conducts a small group activity with these four students during which he shares a book and incorporates before, during, and after reading activities that intentionally focus on the letter "D."
Mr. Hall is a fourth grade teacher. He has been working on developing students' reading comprehension and wants to focus on summarizing during the next lesson. Of the following instructional activities, which one would not align with Mr. Hall's instructional focus?
Mr. Hall reads a story aloud to the class. After reading, he has students complete a graphic organizer by themselves. The graphic organizer has designated spaces where students combine what they know with story details to form new understandings
Mr. Hicks teaches prekindergarten and wants to promote his students' development of letter knowledge. Which of the following instructional strategies is the least effective way in which Mr. Hicks may reinforce his students' understanding?
Mr. Hicks can have his students trace upper- and-lower-case letters on different letter tracing worksheets
Mr. Jorgenson is a first grade teacher who wants to begin implementing explicit phonics instruction in a systematic manner. Which of the following is the most efficient way for Mr. Jorgenson to address his students' different learning needs effectively?
Mr. Jorgenson should administer a phonics assessment to determine the proficiency levels of his students. Using the phonics assessment data, Mr. Jorgenson should create homogenous small groups. Mr. Jorgenson should then meet with each small group separately for phonics instruction
Mr. McGregor teaches kindergarten. He currently has several English learners in his classroom whose home languages are more phonetically regular than English. Which of the following differentiated instructional approaches should Mr. McGregor use to support English learners' development of alphabet knowledge?
Mr. McGregor should use assessment to determine the alphabet knowledge of each English learner and provide intentional differentiated instruction that supports their different learning needs
Which of the following examples would be the least helpful to support Martin's oral language development?
Mrs. Shao asks, "Did the dog bark at the cat?"
Ms. Garza is a kindergarten teacher and wants to incorporate alphabet teaching moments throughout her instruction. During alphabet teaching moments, Ms. Garza plans to review and reinforce students' alphabet knowledge based upon their assessed needs. Which of the following would not be an ideal way for Ms. Garza to incorporate alphabet teaching moments?
Ms. Garza has students complete letter tracing worksheets to practice letter forms and shapes
Nathan, a first grader has weak oral language development. What effect will this likely have on Nathan's progress as an emergent reader?
Nathan is likely to have trouble using language structure for support in reading.
In order to best improve his students' speaking ability, Mr. Lathan should implement which additional activity?
Partners take turns describing to each other what they have learned from their reading and their discussion of the text
Read the following definition and then select which answer it corresponds to. A set of rules designed to give instructions regarding the socially embedded notion of the "proper" or "correct" way to speak or write.
Prescriptive Grammar
Mr. Jenkins is a fifth grade classroom teacher. In social studies, Mr. Jenkins is teaching a Civil War unit and has been using the social studies textbook as an informational text to support student learning. While observing students interacting with the textbook, Mr. Jenkins noticed that many students frequently struggle with identifying central ideas and supporting evidence. To scaffold students' ability to analyze this text successfully, which of the following best represents an appropriate instructional strategy?
Provide explicit instruction on how to complete two-column notes while reading
Mrs. Zellwender reads a short story to her sixth graders. Afterwards, she asks them to write a paragraph telling what they think the theme of the story is and explain why. When reviewing these paragraphs, she notices that many students simply summarized the story rather than telling a possible theme. Based on her evaluation, what is the next best instructional step for Mrs. Zellwender to take?
Review the definition of "theme". Read a story together and discuss possible themes and whether they can be supported with text evidence.
Which of the following instructional strategies is likely to be most effective in improving the reading fluency of Sascha, a third grade student?
Sascha practices reading a favorite story aloud several times and then reads it into a microphone to record the reading
Which of the following is a true statement that will help teachers recognize signs of possible dyslexia?
Signs of dyslexia may not emerge until later grades when demands of reading and writing become more complex
Which of the following accurately describes how oral language is related to the reading process?
Strong oral language contributes to reading comprehension
Once Ms. Barrett completes these lessons, she wants to include a speaking activity as a performance-based assessment. This way, she can assess her students' content understandings, as well as the language development of the English learners. Which of the following activities would help Ms. Barrett achieve her goal?
Students are each given a Bill of Rights booklet. In the booklet, there are several pages that describe different real-life scenarios. For each page, students read the scenario with a peer partner and discuss which amendment relates to the scenario. Students then write down and explain their selection.
Which of the following activities would promote the development of grade-level oral language knowledge and skills among 4th grade students?
Students are placed into small groups and given a specific task to accomplish. Each small group of students works together to develop a plan that delegates group roles and responsibilities
Mr. Holland is a second grade teacher. He is designing different learning centers that students will visit throughout the week. One center will promote his students' ability to decode and spell contraction accurately. Which of the following centers aligns with this instructional objective?
Students use a dry erase marker to write the corresponding contraction (e.g., can't) on several different laminated cards that contain word pairs (e.g., can not).
Mr. Wooster will cover several classic novels in his high school literature class. For each novel, his students will also read a short story, an essay, a poem, or a newspaper article that in some way relates to the novel. What is the most likely purpose for this pairing of texts?
Students will consider characters and themes in new ways by comparing ideas across different types of texts.
A fourth grader was able to decode a word in a sentence because of its grammatical relationship to other words in the sentence. Which cueing system from the psycholinguistic view of reading is relied upon when children can anticipate a word or phrase that comes next in a sentence because of its grammatical relationship to other words in the sentence?
Syntactic Cueing System
Which of the teacher prompts is a weak response?
That's right - toys!
Which of the following statements does not accurately represent a sound rationale for Mrs. Bennett's use of this activity?
The Question the Author activity will help students identify important information from texts using teacher-generated questions
Each week, Mrs. Reese selects a big book for her class to enjoy together in a shared reading time. Early in the week, Mrs. Reese introduces the book and reads it to the class. The text of the big book is visible to the entire class. By the end of the week, most of the students are joining in and reading with her. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of shared reading which will help promote students' fluency?
The group setting for reading does not allow the teacher to individualize reading instruction
Which of the following statements most accurately describes how knowledge and application of the alphabetic principle relate to other components of literacy?
The purpose of instruction in the alphabetic principle is to provide letter-sound knowledge that students will be able to apply in reading and writing
Which of the following would indicate that an end-of-year first grade student would benefit from extra instructional help and might need further evaluation or intervention?
The student can name just a few letters with automaticity
Based on your knowledge of fluency, which of the following is not a likely cause of the drop in fluency rate on February 25th?
The student had adequate word recognition strategies
Which of the following are examples of a student who has an advanced understanding of a word?
The student knows the inflectional and derivational affixes it combines with to produce complex words. The student knows how it functions in a sentence. The student recognizes the word in oral language and is able to pronounce it.
A student who successfully identifies how many morphemes are in the word ads will have which of the following thought processes?
The student notices the morphemes ad (root) + s (inflectional affix). Therefore, the student concludes that ads has two morphemes.
Mr. Heinz teaches middle school English. One of his students is very bright and contributes to class discussions, but has difficulty with reading and writing assignments. Which of the following would NOT be a sign of possible dyslexia for this student?
The student volunteers to read out loud often
Based on your knowledge of fluency, which of the following can be determined about this English learner?
The student's fluency is below the expected level for third grade. The teacher should monitor the student's progress more frequently.
A sixth grade teacher plays a short video clip report from a credible and safe news channel and has students orally provide the main idea of the news report. Which of the following answers best reflect why this strategy is effective for supporting oral language skills. Select ALL that apply.
The students evaluate spoken language of others and rephrase using their own language. The students practice getting the gist of a story in a quick and engaging way.
A teacher introduces new social studies vocabulary words to her students. The new words describe various landforms. First, the class reviewed "kid-friendly" definitions of each word. Which of the following activities requires students to select, organize, and produce visuals to complement and extend the meanings of the words?
The students use safe internet sites to find and draw visuals for each landform
Which of the following strategies would best promote students' understanding of the meanings of these vocabulary words?
The teacher analyzes the prefixed words and words with similar endings (-ate)
A teacher plans to increase reading fluency among a group of struggling readers. Which of the following would be least effective in improving fluency?
The teacher might have the students race each other to see who can read a passage the quickest
A reading specialist teacher helps third, fourth and fifth grade teachers use benchmarks and STAAR results to progress-monitor student learning. Which of the following assessments might the teacher use to progress-monitor student learning in the primary grades, specifically grades K-2?
The teacher might use Dibles (The Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills) or the TPRI (Texas Primary Reading Inventory).
After the first use of the alphabetic arc, the teacher wants to determine whether students have mastered the reading skills targeted in the activity. Which of the following informal assessment strategies would provide the information the teacher needs?
The teacher should have the students make simple words using similar word patterns
Several English learners in Mrs. Night's 1st grade class are having a particular difficulty with sight words. Sight words are most likely difficult for these students because --
They are irregular words which are difficult to decode using graphophonemic knowledge
Mrs. Torres notices that one of her students uses reading strategies such as decoding very well, but still lags behind in her reading pace. Which one of the following options would be the LEAST helpful in helping this student to practice reading at a quicker pace?
Time the student reading a page and then challenge her to read it faster while you time her again.
At the end, the class reads the text they have created together. What is the LEAST likely purpose of this activity?
To teach a predetermined list of words and skills
Based on these assessment results, which of the following would the most appropriate instructional strategy for Ms. Waters to improve students' reading comprehension?
Use assessment results to form homogenous small groups based on student performance. Within each small group, design instructional interventions that target specific learning needs
Mrs. Gutierrez teaches a kindergarten class with a large population of English learners and students whose families have moved here from other countries. When planning phonological awareness and phonemic awareness activities for her class, which of the following is the LEAST effective step Mrs. Gutierrez can take to provide extra support for these students?
Use instructional materials that do not have picture support so that students will focus more closely on the sounds in the words
Mrs. Luna teaches kindergarten at a school with a diverse population. She knows that many of her students have had limited exposure to books up until now. Which of the following is the LEAST helpful strategy to help these students become familiar with print experiences?
Use scheduled read aloud time to work on letter recognition skills instead since these students are likely to be behind in reading readiness
A teacher should provide support for a beginning writer to know how to use concepts of print in his organization of written text. Which of the following is the LEAST helpful strategy for providing this support?
Use small pieces of paper for writing so that students have less space to fill
English learners, at the beginning language proficiency level of writing, are learning content knowledge at the same time that they are developing their English skills. Which of the following is the LEAST helpful approach for having these students demonstrate content knowledge?
Use written assignments or tests as the primary assessment of content knowledge for the English learners.
Students in a first grade class have been learning to analyze and spell phonetically regular words. They recently learned VC patterns. Which of the following is the most appropriate to teach next?
VCe syllable patterns
Which of the following descriptions is NOT a benefit shown in this scenario?
Valdez is linking the sound of the letter with formation of the letter
Building vocabulary is a critical component of language development for English learners. Which of the following guidelines is the LEAST helpful for teachers as they plan for vocabulary instruction?
Vocabulary instruction should focus on brief exposures to as many words as possible
During a discussion, Mr. Johnson asks the class a thought provoking question. The students appear to not know the answer immediately. However, Mr. Johnson is patient as he allows them the opportunity to think through it. This scenario is an example of --
Wait Time
Which of the following scenarios most accurately represents second-language acquisition?
Without comprehensible input, second-language acquisition is difficult
Having said that, what is semantics? Select all that apply.
a subfield of linguistics that studies linguistic meaning and how expressions convey meanings
This lesson in syllabication is highly related to which of the following prerequisite skills for early reading proficiency?
ability to separate words into syllables
Ms. Hollister gives each student a copy of the concept web developed by the class. She could best help students make use of the web to learn and retain facts from their reading by asking them to --
add continuously to the web as they encounter and organize new information in their reading
In order to determine her students' independent reading level, Mrs. Swanson's best approach would be to -
administer an informal reading inventory to each student
Which of the following activities would best suit an auditory learner?
after listening to a short story, students answer various questions testing their comprehension
The purpose of the writing step of the lesson described above is to --
associate the letter name, sound and shape
The teacher could assume the student used the word author instead of blogger because --
both words fit contextually in the sentence
During guided reading groups, a teacher points out the use of apostrophes in possessive nouns to a group of students. The teacher was
building an understanding of writing conventions through the use of literature
Mr. Johnson is teaching a lesson on words from the "Outdoors" chapter. Within this category of words, there are subcategories that distinguish each type of outdoor vocabulary. Read the following words and then select which sub-category Mr. Johnson should place them inside of. cloudy, foggy, humid, rainy or blizzard, snowstorm, thunder, windy
dark/wet
Which of the following is NOT a likely contributing factor in difficulties with reading comprehension?
difficulty in understanding the meaning of function words
Mrs. Graton's sixth grade language arts class is studying modern British novels. There are a number of English learners in the class. Which of the following strategies will best facilitate these students involvement in class discussions and promote their comprehension of the texts?
distributing the ELL students in mixed groupings of other students for discussion of cultural references
A kindergarten teacher slowly says a child's name. The teacher then claps once for each syllable as she repeats the child's name (e.g., "lor-na"). The teacher repeats these steps for several other names. Students then join the teacher in clapping the syllables for every child's name. This activity is likely to promote literacy development for the students primarily by-
enhancing the students' phonological awareness
Which of the following refers to a word or morpheme from which a later word is derived?
etymon
Read the following vocabulary and then select which category it belongs to: analyze, evaluate, industrious, and algorithm
general academic vocabulary
Based upon skills delineated in the ELAR TEKS, which of the following best represents appropriate learning objectives for the recognition and analysis of plot within a literary text?
grade 1- students will describe the main events, the problem, and the resolution in a story that is read aloud grade 3- students will analyze the sequence of events, the conflict, and the resolution in a story grade 5- students will analyze the rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution in a story
Creating such a web is likely to promote students' ability to retain and use information that they read about a topic by
helping student learn to use categories to organize their thinking about the topic.
A first grade teacher uses sentence stems to assist English learners' reading and writing skills. This activity might also promote students' writing development by
helping students build an understanding of syntactic structure
The teacher uses this activity is small groups on a regular basis, adding or changing letter cards as new letter sound correspondences are learned and mastered. This making-words activity is likely to promote students word recognition by:
helping students read regular words.
Mrs. Firebaugh, a second grade teacher, notices that one of her students is reading well overall but still struggles with words such as "though" and "been". Which of the following instructional strategies would most benefit this student?
high-frequency words with irregular spellings
The first step in helping a student learn about a topic is to understand it completely yourself. Choose from the list below the compound morpheme(s)
hotshot
Which of the following is NOT a consideration when choosing texts for fluency practice?
illustrations of the text
A second grade class includes a number of English learners who are at the speech emergent stage of English acquisition and are emergent readers in English. When considering instructional strategies to use with her class, the teacher should consider using strategies that:
incorporate opportunities for students to discuss content with their peers
Based on research, which of the following is NOT an explicit, systematic activity for building fluency?
independent silent reading
Mrs. Clarinton is working with her first grade students on recognizing phonemes. She is presenting them with various words and asking them to count the phonemes in them. Of the following, which one has four phonemes?
little
Which of the following high-frequency words is also an example of an irregular word?
of
Another activity Mrs. Clarinton has planned is to have students attempt to spell various words given to them orally and then to analyze the spelling results of each student. Which end-result will this activity most likely assist Mrs. Clarinton to measure for her students?
phonics skills
Using the illustrated example above, the teacher might next have the student--
predict meaning of the words prior to reading
Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of dysfluent reading?
prosodic reading with intonation
Yusef is a fourth grader who reads at grade level. Lately, when choosing a book to read, Yusef always selects books from a series that is written in a very formulaic style that does little to extend his conceptual or language development. The teacher's best response to this behavior would be to --
provide Yusef with books with similar themes or on similar topics that are more challenging for him
A kindergarten teacher plays the following game with students. She says, "Guess whose name is going to say now?" She then says the initial sound of a student's name (e.g., /m/for Mary), and the children try to guess the name. This activity is likely to promote the reading development of students primarily by help them --
recognize that a spoken word is made up of sounds
Mrs. Smythe's kindergarten class is working on phonological awareness. Which of the following skills should she emphasize first with her students?
recognizing and counting syllables in a word
This assessment would be an appropriate way to test the student's ability to perform which of the following phonemic awareness tasks?
recognizing how many phonemes are contained in a word
Mrs. Cassey encourages her students to make connections during the daily read aloud. While reading No, David, No! a student commented that the main character reminds her of her brother. Which of the following text connections did the student make?
text-to-self connection
While the class is telling their "News of the Day", one of Mr. Sherwin's students, Tania, wants to write, "My friend is coming to my house to play." To help students with concepts of both reading and writing, which of the following skills is the LEAST likely one for Mr. Sherwin to focus on if most of his students are at the level of emergent reader and writer?
the "i before e" rule in the word friend
Automaticity is part of being a fluent reader. Which of the following is true about the role of automaticity in reading?
the less attention given to word recognition, the more attention given to comprehension
Ms. Appleby is a kindergarten teacher. She conducts read aloud activities regularly during reading instruction using high-quality, culturally relevant texts. During a recent read aloud activity, Ms. Applyby stopped reading the story aloud at designated places and had her students pantomime the actions of the main character. The teacher's most likely reason for this is ___
to develop students' understanding and make connections to the main character
An elementary teacher uses synonyms as a strategy to define general vocabulary. The teacher's goal is to --
use student background knowledge to learn new words.
This activity is likely to promote students' vocabulary development primarily by helping the students --
use word roots to determine the meaning of related words
The classroom teacher listens to a student's oral reading and determines that the student is lacking prosody. Which of the following is NOT a component of prosodic reading?
using a monotone voice while reading
In the comments above, the student most clearly demonstrates which of the following reading skills?
using graphophonic cues to help analyze and decode an unfamiliar word.
A third grade student struggles to comprehend text. The teacher notices the child devotes too much attention to decoding and not enough attention to the meaning of the text. The teacher could most likely help the student by --
working on fluency skills
A third grade student struggles to comprehend text. The teacher notices the child devotes too much attention to decoding and not enough attention to the meaning of the text. The teacher could most likely help the student by --
working on the fluency skills
After identifying the word swing, the student turns to the teacher and asks, "Is that right? Is it swing?" The teacher wants to encourage the student to use semantic and syntactic cues to verify the word. Which of the following teacher responses to the student's question would best address this goal?
"Now try reading the sentence again and see whether swing makes sense."
After identifying the word swing, the student turns to the teacher and asks, "Is that right? Is it swing?" Which of the following teacher prompts would most likely be effective in eliciting helpful information about the student's use of word-identification strategies?
"Tell me how you figured out that the word was swing."
Emergent reading comprehension instruction includes all of the following except --
deep discussions of literary texts
Which of the following words ends in a stop consonant sound?
mop
A first grade teacher provides students with explicit, systematic phonics instruction to promote their reading development. When designing activities to teach letter-sound correspondence, the teacher should --
provide reading opportunities for students to practice sounds in context after studying the sounds in isolation
Which of the following refers to the study of the origin of words?
Etymology
Which of the following statements best represents why the letter "Cc" may pose difficulties for English learners who have home languages that are more phonetically regular than English?
The letter "Cc" is phonologically similar to several other letters in the alphabet
Which of the following is most likely to foster print awareness among preschoolers?
The teacher models one-to-one match by pointing words in the lyrics while singing a popular song that the entire class knows.
The purpose of the writing step of the lesson describe above is to
associate their name, sound, and shape
Sixth grade students are preparing to read a chapter about the digestive system. Which of the following activities is the best way to introduce the text to support reading comprehension?
complete an anticipation guide
Having said that, what is phonetics? Select all that apply.
the study of the minimal units that make up language
In the activity, students will move one counter for each sound heard in CVC words that the teacher presents orally. The intent of the above activity is most likely:
to make the segmenting of words into phonemes less abstract.
Which of the following refers to obtaining or developing of something from an original source?
Derivation
Read the following characteristics of one of the programs and then select which one it pertains to: Half of the class is proficient in a foreign language, while the other half is proficient in English. Students of opposing languages are encouraged to work together in learning each other's language.
Dual language immersion/two-way
The teacher then writes several more words on the board and guides students' practice of the syllable division strategy. Based on the previous activity, which of the following activities is the most appropriate next step?
Have students look for words with the VCCV syllable pattern in connected text. Students choose a word and show a classmate how to read the word based on the newly acquired syllabicatoion strategy.
Mrs. Show is teaching a unit on biographies. Which of the following assignments is most likely to reflect cultural diversity and deepen students' knowledge of how literature can develop an understanding of people's lives as they relate to the culture and environment in which they live?
Have students select two biographies to read that are about individuals from two different cultures. Have students compare the subjects of the biographies with a special emphasis on how their lives were shaped by their surroundings.
Mr. Greene is a third grade teacher. He wants to promote his students' ability is distinguish discipline-specific meanings of words they may encounter in informational text.
Homonyms- words that have the same sound and spelling Homographs- words that have the same spelling and different sounds Homophones- words that have the same sound and different spellings
Mrs. Morrison is teaching her second grade students strategies to find answers in text to literal comprehension questions. Which of the following shows the easiest and most clear type of question Mrs. Morrison could use to begin modeling this strategy for her students?
Pause while reading a passage and ask a question that has just had the answer stated verbatim in the passage.
Which of the following is the least accurate representation of how phonemic awareness connects to spelling development?
Phonemic awareness plays a significant role in students' ability to name letters, but it does not have an impact on students' spelling development
Mrs. Currian is thinking about her teaching to see what actions she can take to help promote her students' reading fluency. Which of the following actions should be careful to avoid?
Stopping students' reading many times to ask questions or interject teaching points
Which of the following is the best activity to provide the teacher with the most information following the one minute reading on February 18th?
The student gives a retelling of the text.
A third grade teacher works with a struggling reader. The child reads grade-level material at 35 words per minute and has trouble with sight words. Which of the following answers best describes the child? Select all that apply.
The student lacks reading fluency. The student has weak decoding skills.
A kindergarten class is learning about the letter m. The teacher plans homework around this focus. Which of the following activities best reinforces student knowledge of the alphabetic principle ?
The teacher has students cut out and label objects which begin with the letter m.
After participating in this activity, all of the students review the chapter in their science text about volcanoes. The paragraph-building activity designed by Mr. Batista is likely to promote English learners' reading development primarily by helping them
Transfer skills from oral language to written language
Consider the typical continuum of development for phonics skills. Which of the following shows a correct order of phonics skills development from simplest to most complex, as described in the Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines and TEKS for ELAR?
Use letter-sound relationships to decode CVC words Decoding words with initial and final consonant blends. Decoding words with silent letters.
Ms. Hollister gives each student a cop of the concept web developed by the class. She could best help students make use of the web to learn and retain facts from their reading by asking them to
add continuously to the web as they encounter and organize new information in their reading
Mr. Kano uses the Picture Word Inductive Model in his second grade class to help his students develop content vocabulary. He posts a large picture related to a subject the class is studying. As the class discusses the picture, Mr. Kano labels elements of the picture the students know. Which of the following language skills is LEAST likely to be developed during this activity?
blending sounds in words
A second grade student reads slowly and has trouble decoding words like also and over. The student most likely
needs practice sight words
Being able to connect speech sounds with the printed letters they represent is a description of
phonics
Using the vocabulary words above, the teacher might next have the student
predict meanings of the words prior to reading
Between which ages do children typically show rapid growth in literacy, as they experiment with writing by forming scribbles, random strings of letters, and letter-like forms?
3-4
Which of the following additions to the activity described in the previous page would most effectively use oral language interactions to promote the students' reading comprehension?
After reading their story, partners meet again to discuss the story and talk about how their predictions compare with the actual story
The teacher deliberately incorporates structural analysis into vocabulary lessons. Which of the following strategies would best promote students' understanding of the meanings of the vocabulary words on the list?
The teacher analyzes the prefixed words and word derivations
A second grade teacher wants to assess students' ability to apply knowledge of phonics to spell words correctly. Which of the following assessment strategies would be most effective for this purpose?
The teacher dictates a set of words for the students to write, and then the teacher analyzes how the students encode different sounds
A new kindergarten teacher has asked for help in determining an appropriate way to assess a student's ability to produce rhymes. Which of the following informal assessment techniques is most likely to give the kindergarten teacher the information she seeks?
The teacher gives the student three rhyming words, the student is asked to give another word that follows the pattern (e.g. the teacher says, "sip, dip, flip, What is another word that rhymes with sip, dip, and flip?" The student says, "rip")
A teacher anticipates students will have a difficult time reading an expository text associated with content planned for a science lesson. Which of the following strategies might the teacher implement prior to reading the text?
The teacher may have students skim the text for difficult words, which the class will discuss before reading.
The child communicates in a way that others understand what is being said without constantly having to ask, "What did you say?" Select from the following examples of instructional strategies that accurately support the above behavior.
The teacher models speaking in a comfortable pace.
A kindergarten teacher wants to plan instructional activities to enhance her students' ability to blend and segment onset and rime. Which of the following instructional activities is least likely to help accomplish this goal?
The teacher says, "cow" and "boy", the student says, "cowboy"
A student receiving Tier II instruction has received various interventions to improve decoding skills for an extended period of time, but the interventions have not seemed helpful. What might the teacher do next?
The teacher should recommend the child receive Tier III interventions
Starla is a first grade student who is developing her skill at decoding words by she sometimes gets stuck after making just the initial sound or initial segment of a word. Which of the following strategies provides the most support for helping Starla read through parts of the word?
The teacher writes the word one segment at a time on a dry erase board.
Based on the previous information, several students are having trouble keeping up with the rest of their group in reading the novel. The teacher suspects that the students are having trouble with fluency. Which of the following would NOT be an assessment you would reccomend?
Vocabulary knowledge measure
Mrs. Hefner recently administered a print concepts assessment among his kindergarten students. While analyzing each student's correct are incorrect responses, he noticed a small group of students appeared to struggle with directionality. Which of the following would be the most appropriate differentiation strategy that Mr. Hefner may incorporate into future instruction?
While reading text aloud, Mr. Hefner should model directional tracking by using finger pointing to physically demonstrate how letters words, and lines of text are read.
When selecting which words, or parts of words, a student might write, Mr. Sherwin draws upon his knowledge of his students' reading and writing. Which of the following guidelines should Mr. Sherwin follow?
Words that are at the student's zone of proximal development in reading and writing
A first grade teacher has several students who are having difficulty applying the alphabetic principle. When assessed on letter knowledge, the students know the letter sounds; however, they still seem to have difficulty with blending the sounds together to pronounce words. What further assessment would you suggest the teacher give the pinpoint the nature of the students' difficulties?
an informal assessment of the students' phonemic awareness
A first grade teacher has several students who are having difficulty applying the alphabetic principle. When assessed on letter knowledge, the students know the letter sounds; however, they still seem to have difficulty with blending the sounds together to pronounce words. Based on the scenario above, in which of the following areas would the students most likely benefit from explicit instruction?
blending strategies
A fluency scale can be used to help determine whether a reader is fluent or non-fluent. Which oft he following best describes a reader who is NOT reading fluently?
reads primarily word-by-word
In reading, students who are in the multiple viewpoints stage, or construction and reconstruction, would be categorized as which of the following?
Advanced
Ms. Jenkins is a kindergarten teacher. She is going to read aloud a fiction story to her students and wants to perform quick checks during the read aloud by asking literal questions that monitor students' comprehension. Which of the following best represents the way in which Ms. Jenkins should ask these questions?
Ask students who, what, where, and when questions to recall information immediately after the information is given
Mrs. Martin shows her students how to clap the syllables in longer words before trying to write them. What is the most likely purpose for this strategy?
Clapping the syllables helps students to hear the word in chunks.
A beginning first grade teacher confers with a reading specialist teacher in school about the difficulties several English learners are having with orally segmenting three- and-four-phoneme words. Based on a convergence of research evidence, which of the following piece of advice should the reading teacher give?
Continue with oral phoneme segmentation activities but begin linking sounds to letters and print as soon as possible.
Based on the above scenario, the teacher chose cooperative groups as an approach to reading instruction. Which of the following is most likely the rationale for this choice?
Cooperative learning is linked to increased reader motivation and comprehension
Between which ages do children typically advance from babbling to producing understandable speech?
2-3
A kindergarten teacher uses the language experience approach with her class after a field trip to the zoo. Which of the following steps in the approach would be most effective in addressing oral language and reading needs?
A story about the experience is told aloud by a child and written down by the teacher
Which of the following statements does not represent appropriate use of decoding texts during instruction?
Decodable texts should contain words that are decodable, as well as words that are not decodable
Which of the following questions would be the LEAST helpful for a reader to ask himself to self-monitor his reading?
Did I read with expression?
After participating in this activity, all of the students review the chapter in their science text about volcanoes. Which of the following best describes one important way in which this activity is likely to benefit English learners?
Discussing and writing about a content-area topic supports English learners' reading of related texts by reinforcing key vocabulary, language structures, and schemata
Which of the following activities would best suit a tactile learner?
During a lesson on magnets, the teacher hands out magnets for the students to use
Click on the sentence in the passage that clearly demonstrates this is a digital, multimodal text
In the United States, citizens make choices as a group by voting.
Which of the following is a pair of words that Mr. Barrera could use to help show students how a familiar word can help you learn the meaning of an unknown word that has the same morpheme?
Known word: octopus Unknown word: octagon
Pier Work: Think of a time you bought something you didn't need. Why did you buy it? Read the blog post. Find three things that stores do to make us buy more things.
Language in context
Miss Bolton has planned a reading response assignment that corresponds with the novel her sixth grade students are reading. The English learners in her class, all in the intermediate language proficiency level of speaking and writing, have enjoyed the novel and participated well with class discussion and comprehension checks. She knows they may have difficulty, though, knowing how to approach this assignment. Which of the following strategies is the most helpful to support their understanding of the assignment?
Provide a sample of what a completed project might look like.
A teacher works with English learners at various levels of language proficiency. Which of the following strategies provides language support for ELs during classroom instruction? Select all that apply.
Visuals which illustrate complex concepts. Access to content word lists. Cooperative learning activities.
Read the following example of a lesson taught by a teacher, and then select from the answers what this type of lesson focuses on improving. Mr. Reed assigns the class to look at a bunch of pictures of food items and then instructs them to match the food items to their corresponding words.
Vocabulary Definition
A second grade teacher has just taken a running record on a student and is determining if the student should remain at the same text level for further instruction or move to a more difficult tex.t Which of the following elements is the LEAST important for the teacher to take into consideration?
Vocabulary Knowledge
Mrs. Gomez just welcomed two new students who are English learners into her first grade classroom. Both students are at the Beginning level of English language proficiency in listening and speaking. To support their oral language development in English, which of the following activities would best help these two English learner begin to make cross-language connections?
activities that introduce these students to sounds that are common and uncommon in their native language and English
Breaking down words into small units, also known as chunking, helps a reader determine a word's pronunciation by matching it to a word in their listening vocabulary. The words rupture, culture, structure, and fixture all have the same "chunk" (-ture). The chunk is also known as the
affix suffix
The teacher uses this activity in small groups on a regular basis, adding or changing letter cards as new letter sound correspondences are learned and mastered. This making-words activity is likely to promote students word recognition by:
helping students read regular words
A teacher writes a list of words on the board and then tells students to choose one word at random, and then find as many combinations as possible to combine that word to other words on the board. This type of activity is designed to help the students
learn new compound words
In her response to "It was funny," the teacher used the word amusing to
purposefully model an alternative word that the child is not accustomed to using
Which of the following statements does not accurately represent why teachers should select and read aloud high-quality, culturally relevant texts on a regular basis?
Selecting and reading aloud high-quality, culturally relevant texts suppresses classroom conversations about race
Brian writes "spcl" for the word special. When considering the developmental stages of spelling, Brian uses --
Semiphonetic Spelling
Which of the following phonemic awareness skills is usually developed last and often after the age of six?
Sound deletion
Which of the following is the LEAST beneficial for helping English learners prepare to take a standardized test?
Spend the majority of class time on practice tests.
Miss Charles is reviewing the standardized reading test results for her students. Which of the following statements best reflects what she should consider as she reviews the results for her English learners?
Standardized tests in English often do not reflect the true content knowledge of English Learners
Mrs. Chang is a fourth grade teacher. She is planning a new unit of instruction that will focus on analyzing author's craft in literary texts. Mrs. Chang wants to help her students "read like a writer" so they can understand literary text from the writer's point of view. Which of the following statements best represents an evidence-based rationale for Mrs. Chang's instructional goal?
Students will learn how to think about literary texts in complex ways that positively contribute to their development of reading and writing skills
Miss Andres has administered the Texas Primary Reading Inventory (TPRI) to her first grade students. The results of this screening show that several of her students are at risk for reading difficulties. What is the next best step for Miss Andres to take with these students?
Supplementary instruction should be provided for these students
An effective way to teach syllables is to break them down into a tree or structure. What are the two main categories that all syllables can be broken down into?
Onset. Rime.
Mr. Chavez is a second grade teacher who has several English learners in his class. He is planning the next lesson in his fraction unit, which will focus on halves, fourths, and eighths. To meet the content, language, and literacy needs of all students, which of the following lesson activities should Mr. Chavez implement?
Mr. Chavez places each student with a partner. Working together, each pair of students draw three different shapes with shading that represents examples showing halves, fourths, or eighths. When students finish, each pair shares their drawings with the class
Mr. Cochran is a second grade teacher. He is creating his lessons plans for the upcoming week and wants to incorporate explicit spelling instruction each day. Mr. Cochran determined that the focus for the week would be on multisyllabic words with r-controlled vowels. Which of the following would be an ideal teaching strategy for Mr. Cochran to include in his lesson plans?
Mr. Cochran gives each student a sentence strip that has a two-syllable word with "ar" in the first syllable.
Based on these assessment results, which of the following would the most appropriate instructional strategy for Mr. Joshi to improve understandings with the unit objectives among these students?
Mr. Joshi should plan individualized instructional interventions for each student. He should also closely monitor each student's progress and administer a follow-up assessment to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions.
A kindergarten teacher has several students who need to improve their basic phonemic awareness skills. The teacher conferences with parents on ways to help these students at home. Which one of the following activities would the teacher most likely recommend?
Play rhyming and sound games
Mr. Dirks needs to locate appropriate texts in the school's library for this activity. Which of the following literary genres would provide students with more exposure to examples of figurative language?
Poetry
Ongoing assessments are critical to help a teacher plan instruction, especially for English learners. Which of the following is the LEAST important step for a teacher to take after gathering assessment data?
Provide a grade for each assessment
