Cervical Spine (Chapter 6)

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The atlanto-axial joint allows about how many degrees of extension?

10 degrees

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

How many vertebrae make up the vertebral column?

33

axial rotation allows the visual field to approach how many degrees without moving the trunk?

360 degrees

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

4 fused

Craniocervical region allows about how many degrees of lateral flexion to each side?

40 degrees

how many degrees of our rotation is Atlanta-axial?

45 degrees

what is the facet orientation of the lower cervical?

45 degrees between the horizontal and frontal planes

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

The Atlanto-axial joint allows about how many degrees of flexion?

5 degrees

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

5 fused

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

what adds stability to vertebral column?

Anterior longitudinal ligament

what is between basilar part of occipital bone and entire length of vertebral body's anterior surface?

Anterior longitudinal ligament

what joint is the articulation of the head and C1, atlanto-axial joint, and intracervical region?

Atlanto-occipital joint

the alar ligaments adds stability to what?

C1, C2

The rotation of the head and neck is a result of what?

C1—and "attached" cranium—rotating as a fixed unit relative to axis

The most motion of lateral flexion occurs between?

C2 and C7

what are the parts of the lower spine?

C3-C7

Where do spinal nerves exit and then divide?

IV foramen and divides into ventral and dorsal rami

what attaches between anterior surface of one lamina and posterior surface of lamina below?

Ligamentum flavum

What attaches to the mastoid process?

SCM

what attaches between adjacent spinous processes from C7 to sacrum (running spinous to spinous)?

Supraspinous and interspinous ligaments

what does each vertebrae have?

a superior and inferior articular facet

what is 10-20 concentric rings of fibrocartilage that encase nucleus pulposus?

annulus fibrosus

Which way do the occipital condyles roll during flexion?

anterior (forward)

Which way do the occipital condyles slide/glide during extension?

anterior (forward)

during flexion the inferior facets of the superior vertebra slide?

anteriorly and superiorly- relative to vertebra below it

movement occurs relatively to an?

associated axis of rotation coursing through vertebral body

what is the largest transverse process in the cervical region?

atlas C1

what is the ringlike Structure formed by two lateral masses connected by anterior and posterior arches?

atlas C1

how are the intervertebral discs described by their position?

between two vertebrae

how are the individual vertebrae numbered?

by region in cranial to sacral direction

what type of joint is the interbody joint?

cartilaginous joint

Flexion and extension result in an arc of motion determined by?

cervical facet joints' oblique plane

prolonged protraction leads to?

chronic forward head posture, causing increased strain on craniocervical extensor muscles

what does intertransverse ligaments limit?

colateral flexion

what is the transverse ligament composed of?

collagen-twice as strong as alar ligament

what describes combined motion that occurs in the vertebral joints, motion seldom occurs in pure planar motion?

coupling

what protects the brain?

cranium

what is the movement at any spinal region described by?

direction and plane of motion of point on anterior side of vertebrae

What nerve innervates most of the posterior neck and posterior trunk?

dorsal rami

Where may a herniated nucleus pulpous cause local and/or radiating pain?

down into the shoulder/UE's and buttocks/LE's

If a patient has a cervical herniated disc hitting C6 nerve root where will the patient feel pain?

down the lateral portion of the arm down to the thumb

what does retraction do?

extends the lower to mid cervical spine and flexes the upper craniocervical region

what are the closed and loose packed positions?

extension is close packed and loose packed is midway between flexion/extension

what does the anterior longitudinal ligament limit?

extension or excessive lordosis

what is the attachment for nuchal ligament and upper trapezius?

external occipital protuberance

What is the end feel for the OA, AA, and lower cervical spine?

firm

what does protraction do?

flexes the lower to mid cervical spine and extends the upper craniocervical region

what does the ligament flavum limit?

flexion

what does the nuchal ligament limit?

flexion

what does the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments limit?

flexion

what does the posterior longitudinal ligament limit?

flexion and reinforces the posterior annulus

the transverse ligament limits what action?

flexion between atlas and axis

what is located at the base of the skull; and the passageway for spinal cord to meet the brain?

foramen magnum

Flexion increases the size of?

foramina

Atlanto-axial joint is responsible for about _________of rotation that occurs in this region

half

With time or excessive pressure, nucleus pulposus may ooze through cracks created in annulus fibrosis, causing a?

herniated nucleus pulposus

What plane does rotation of the head and neck take place in?

horizontal

what is below the superior nuchal line?

inferior nuchal line

what is formed by two vertebral bodies and interposed intervertebral disc?

interbody joint

what is the thick ring of fibrocartilage serving as vertebral column shock absorber?

intervertebral disc

Where do spinal nerves exit?

intervertebral foramen

Cervical motion affects size of?

intervertebral foramina

what is between adjacent vertebrae; forming passageways for nerve roots entering or exiting vertebral column?

intervertebral foramina

What is the natural display of posture in the thoracic and sacro-coccygeal regions?

kyphosis or slightly flexed posture (primary curves)

what is the thin plates of bone forming posterior wall of vertebral canal; connect each transverse process to spinous process base?

laminae

what is the inferior facets of one vertebra articulate with superior facets of vertebra below it, composing apophyseal joints that help guide vertebral motion (synovial joint/diarthrodial)?

superior and inferior articular facets

what extends from occipital protuberance to the mastoid process?

superior nuchal line

what maintains position of dens-resists posterior translation of the dens into the vertebral foramen?

transverse ligament

what stretches between tubercles on the medial aspects of lateral masses of atlas?

transverse ligament

What is the cylindrical bone mass serving as primary weight bearing structure of spinal column?

vertebral body

What is posterior to body of each vertebra; houses and protects spinal cord?

vertebral canal

what connects intervertebral disc to vertebrae above and below, and helps provide the disc with nutrition?

vertebral end plate

axial rotation of the head and neck is integral to what senses?

vision and hearing

How should you treat forward head posture?

with chin tucks (retraction of the head)

what are the parts of the upper cervical spine?

•Craniovertebral Junction •(OA Atlanto-occipital joint) •Atlas-C1 •Axis-C2

What are the anterior muscles of the craniocervical region?

•SCM •Scalenes •Longus colli •Longus capitis •Rectus capitus anterior •Rectus capitus lateralis

what are the posterior muscles of the crainocervical region?

•Suboccipitals •Splenius capitus •Spenius cervicis

what are the functions of the atlas?

•cradling the occiput, transmitting forces from the head to the C/S and serving as attachment for ligaments and muscles

what articulates with the atlas?

occipital condyles

what functions as a pivot for upper cervical joints and as the center of rotation for the AA joint?

odontoid process (dens)

In ideal posture was does gravity help to maintain?

optimal spinal curvature, significantly increasing efficiency of "static" postures

what is the short thick projections of bone connecting body of vertebrae to each transverse process?

pedicles

Which way do the occipital condyles roll during extension?

posterior (backwards)

Which way do the occipital condyles slide/glide during flexion?

posterior (backwards)

what is the posterior surfaces of all vertebral bodies from C2-sacrum?

posterior Longitudinal Ligament

during extension the inferior facets of the superior vertebra slide?

posteriorly and inferiorly- relative to vertebra below it

which rotation is guided primarily by oblique orientation of facet joints?

rotation of C2-C7

the alar ligament limits what action?

rotation of the head

What region is most mobile area of entire vertebral column and is very important for our senses especially vision?

Craniocervical

what refers to combined set of three articulations?

Craniocervical region

what connects superior part of dens to medial aspect of occipital condyles?

Alar Ligaments

lateral flexion and rotation increases the?

CL intervertebral foramina

what is between adjacent transverse processes?

Intertransverse ligaments

What is the natural display of posture in the cervical and lumbar regions?

lordosis or slightly extended posture (in sagittal plane-secondary curves)

Where does the line of gravity pass through at?

mastoid process, anterior to second sacral vertebrae, posterior to hip, and anterior to the knee and ankle

lateral flexion is guided by incline of facet joints; some horizontal plane rotation is________ with lateral flexion?

mechanically coupled

what is the cervical and cranial extension of Supraspinous ligaments?

nuchal ligament

what is the gelatinous center of the disc dissipating and transferring forces between consecutive vertebrae?

nucleus pulposus


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