Cervical Spine (Chapter 6)
The atlanto-axial joint allows about how many degrees of extension?
10 degrees
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
How many vertebrae make up the vertebral column?
33
axial rotation allows the visual field to approach how many degrees without moving the trunk?
360 degrees
How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?
4 fused
Craniocervical region allows about how many degrees of lateral flexion to each side?
40 degrees
how many degrees of our rotation is Atlanta-axial?
45 degrees
what is the facet orientation of the lower cervical?
45 degrees between the horizontal and frontal planes
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
The Atlanto-axial joint allows about how many degrees of flexion?
5 degrees
How many sacral vertebrae are there?
5 fused
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
what adds stability to vertebral column?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
what is between basilar part of occipital bone and entire length of vertebral body's anterior surface?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
what joint is the articulation of the head and C1, atlanto-axial joint, and intracervical region?
Atlanto-occipital joint
the alar ligaments adds stability to what?
C1, C2
The rotation of the head and neck is a result of what?
C1—and "attached" cranium—rotating as a fixed unit relative to axis
The most motion of lateral flexion occurs between?
C2 and C7
what are the parts of the lower spine?
C3-C7
Where do spinal nerves exit and then divide?
IV foramen and divides into ventral and dorsal rami
what attaches between anterior surface of one lamina and posterior surface of lamina below?
Ligamentum flavum
What attaches to the mastoid process?
SCM
what attaches between adjacent spinous processes from C7 to sacrum (running spinous to spinous)?
Supraspinous and interspinous ligaments
what does each vertebrae have?
a superior and inferior articular facet
what is 10-20 concentric rings of fibrocartilage that encase nucleus pulposus?
annulus fibrosus
Which way do the occipital condyles roll during flexion?
anterior (forward)
Which way do the occipital condyles slide/glide during extension?
anterior (forward)
during flexion the inferior facets of the superior vertebra slide?
anteriorly and superiorly- relative to vertebra below it
movement occurs relatively to an?
associated axis of rotation coursing through vertebral body
what is the largest transverse process in the cervical region?
atlas C1
what is the ringlike Structure formed by two lateral masses connected by anterior and posterior arches?
atlas C1
how are the intervertebral discs described by their position?
between two vertebrae
how are the individual vertebrae numbered?
by region in cranial to sacral direction
what type of joint is the interbody joint?
cartilaginous joint
Flexion and extension result in an arc of motion determined by?
cervical facet joints' oblique plane
prolonged protraction leads to?
chronic forward head posture, causing increased strain on craniocervical extensor muscles
what does intertransverse ligaments limit?
colateral flexion
what is the transverse ligament composed of?
collagen-twice as strong as alar ligament
what describes combined motion that occurs in the vertebral joints, motion seldom occurs in pure planar motion?
coupling
what protects the brain?
cranium
what is the movement at any spinal region described by?
direction and plane of motion of point on anterior side of vertebrae
What nerve innervates most of the posterior neck and posterior trunk?
dorsal rami
Where may a herniated nucleus pulpous cause local and/or radiating pain?
down into the shoulder/UE's and buttocks/LE's
If a patient has a cervical herniated disc hitting C6 nerve root where will the patient feel pain?
down the lateral portion of the arm down to the thumb
what does retraction do?
extends the lower to mid cervical spine and flexes the upper craniocervical region
what are the closed and loose packed positions?
extension is close packed and loose packed is midway between flexion/extension
what does the anterior longitudinal ligament limit?
extension or excessive lordosis
what is the attachment for nuchal ligament and upper trapezius?
external occipital protuberance
What is the end feel for the OA, AA, and lower cervical spine?
firm
what does protraction do?
flexes the lower to mid cervical spine and extends the upper craniocervical region
what does the ligament flavum limit?
flexion
what does the nuchal ligament limit?
flexion
what does the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments limit?
flexion
what does the posterior longitudinal ligament limit?
flexion and reinforces the posterior annulus
the transverse ligament limits what action?
flexion between atlas and axis
what is located at the base of the skull; and the passageway for spinal cord to meet the brain?
foramen magnum
Flexion increases the size of?
foramina
Atlanto-axial joint is responsible for about _________of rotation that occurs in this region
half
With time or excessive pressure, nucleus pulposus may ooze through cracks created in annulus fibrosis, causing a?
herniated nucleus pulposus
What plane does rotation of the head and neck take place in?
horizontal
what is below the superior nuchal line?
inferior nuchal line
what is formed by two vertebral bodies and interposed intervertebral disc?
interbody joint
what is the thick ring of fibrocartilage serving as vertebral column shock absorber?
intervertebral disc
Where do spinal nerves exit?
intervertebral foramen
Cervical motion affects size of?
intervertebral foramina
what is between adjacent vertebrae; forming passageways for nerve roots entering or exiting vertebral column?
intervertebral foramina
What is the natural display of posture in the thoracic and sacro-coccygeal regions?
kyphosis or slightly flexed posture (primary curves)
what is the thin plates of bone forming posterior wall of vertebral canal; connect each transverse process to spinous process base?
laminae
what is the inferior facets of one vertebra articulate with superior facets of vertebra below it, composing apophyseal joints that help guide vertebral motion (synovial joint/diarthrodial)?
superior and inferior articular facets
what extends from occipital protuberance to the mastoid process?
superior nuchal line
what maintains position of dens-resists posterior translation of the dens into the vertebral foramen?
transverse ligament
what stretches between tubercles on the medial aspects of lateral masses of atlas?
transverse ligament
What is the cylindrical bone mass serving as primary weight bearing structure of spinal column?
vertebral body
What is posterior to body of each vertebra; houses and protects spinal cord?
vertebral canal
what connects intervertebral disc to vertebrae above and below, and helps provide the disc with nutrition?
vertebral end plate
axial rotation of the head and neck is integral to what senses?
vision and hearing
How should you treat forward head posture?
with chin tucks (retraction of the head)
what are the parts of the upper cervical spine?
•Craniovertebral Junction •(OA Atlanto-occipital joint) •Atlas-C1 •Axis-C2
What are the anterior muscles of the craniocervical region?
•SCM •Scalenes •Longus colli •Longus capitis •Rectus capitus anterior •Rectus capitus lateralis
what are the posterior muscles of the crainocervical region?
•Suboccipitals •Splenius capitus •Spenius cervicis
what are the functions of the atlas?
•cradling the occiput, transmitting forces from the head to the C/S and serving as attachment for ligaments and muscles
what articulates with the atlas?
occipital condyles
what functions as a pivot for upper cervical joints and as the center of rotation for the AA joint?
odontoid process (dens)
In ideal posture was does gravity help to maintain?
optimal spinal curvature, significantly increasing efficiency of "static" postures
what is the short thick projections of bone connecting body of vertebrae to each transverse process?
pedicles
Which way do the occipital condyles roll during extension?
posterior (backwards)
Which way do the occipital condyles slide/glide during flexion?
posterior (backwards)
what is the posterior surfaces of all vertebral bodies from C2-sacrum?
posterior Longitudinal Ligament
during extension the inferior facets of the superior vertebra slide?
posteriorly and inferiorly- relative to vertebra below it
which rotation is guided primarily by oblique orientation of facet joints?
rotation of C2-C7
the alar ligament limits what action?
rotation of the head
What region is most mobile area of entire vertebral column and is very important for our senses especially vision?
Craniocervical
what refers to combined set of three articulations?
Craniocervical region
what connects superior part of dens to medial aspect of occipital condyles?
Alar Ligaments
lateral flexion and rotation increases the?
CL intervertebral foramina
what is between adjacent transverse processes?
Intertransverse ligaments
What is the natural display of posture in the cervical and lumbar regions?
lordosis or slightly extended posture (in sagittal plane-secondary curves)
Where does the line of gravity pass through at?
mastoid process, anterior to second sacral vertebrae, posterior to hip, and anterior to the knee and ankle
lateral flexion is guided by incline of facet joints; some horizontal plane rotation is________ with lateral flexion?
mechanically coupled
what is the cervical and cranial extension of Supraspinous ligaments?
nuchal ligament
what is the gelatinous center of the disc dissipating and transferring forces between consecutive vertebrae?
nucleus pulposus