Ch 08

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

Chunking

Describe: Storage

Creation of a permanent record of information

What are three basic functions of memory?

Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

What was the overall result of Lashley's research that sought out the engram of human memory?

He found no evidence that an engram actual exists

Describe: short-term memory

Holds about (7) bits of information before it's forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved & is being used

What are different types of long-term memory

Implicit, Explicit, declarative, procedural, & semantic

Describe: Visual

Input of images

Describe: Acoustic

Input of sounds, words & music

Describe: Semantic

Input of words & their meaning

From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important?

It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory

What are the three types of Encoding?

Semantic, Visual, & Acoustic

Describe the three stages of memory storage

Sensory memory, short-term memory, Long-term memory.

Describe the role of the "hippocampus" in forming declarative memories

The "hippocampus" is not a final destination, its temporary storage bin for memories.

Define: Acronym

a word composed of the first letters in a series of words

Terrance finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

acoustic

Jaime is able to hum the tune to his favorite song because it has been _____ encoded in his memory.

acoustically

Describe: Misinformation effect paradigm

after exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person may misremember the original event

The famous case of H.M. demonstrated ________ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones.

anterograde

After spending two hours studying, Daryl goes to bed early to get plenty of sleep. This is because he knows it will help him convert the information he just learned from short-term to long-term memory. This process is known as:

consolidation

Describe: long-term memory

continuous storage of information

What is the correct order of the three basic processes of memory?

encoding, storage, & retrieval

I am trying to learn the names of all of the countries. Because I am actively and consciously remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________ memory.

explicit

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report?

explicit memories

What brain structure serves as a temporary storage bin for episodic and semantic memories?

hippocampus

Your memory of how to ride a bicycle is probably something that you don't actively think about while you're riding. You just sort of "do it" without thinking of how you do it. This is an example of a(n) ________ memory.

implicit

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

Define: retroactive interference

information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information

Describe: Encoding

input of information into the memory system

Define: Distributed practice

learning strategy, where practice is broken up into a number of short sessions - over a longer period of time.

Define: Amnesia

loss of long-term memory that occurs as the results of disease & physical trauma, or psychological trauma

Define: anterograde amnesia

loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma

Define: retrograde amnesia

loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma

Define: Implicit

memories that are not part of our consciousness

Define: explicit

memories we consciously try to remember & recall

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

Define: Mnemonic Device

memory aids that helps organize info. for encoding

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

misinformation effect paradigm

Define: proactive interference

old information hinders the recall of newly learned information

Define: chunking

one of the easiest ways to remember a series of numbers break down a number series in more easily remembered bits

While Althea was filling out a job application, memory of her previous address prevented her from accurately remembering her current address. This is an example of:

proactive interference

Define: Consolidation

referring to a process in which information is stored in various parts of the brain and then put together fairly quickly to "recall" an event or memory.

You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don't have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you won't forget it. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

Which of the following is a good example of the use of a mnemonic?

remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES

Define: rehearsal

repetition of information to be remembered

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

Katya studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary she can't; instead she can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

retroactive

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

Chuck is a spy for the C.I.A. He suffered a head injury during his last secret mission. His doctors are trying to assess whether he is experiencing memory loss. They ask him questions such as "Who is the current president of the United States?" and "What do you remember about your sister's wedding last weekend?" Remembering who is president is a(n) _____ memory and remembering the events of your sister's wedding is a(n) _____ memory.

semantic; episodic

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Define: Memory

set of processes used to encode, store & retrieve information over different periods of time

Which of the following is NOT a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?

stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

Describe: Sensory memory

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds & taste

Define: Elaborative rehearsal

thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Define: semantic

type of declarative memory about words, concepts, & language based knowledge & facts

Define: procedural

type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, etc

Define: declarative

type of long-term memory of facts & events we personally experience

Define: Episodic

type of memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory

Define: Acoustic

verse or saying in which the first or last letter of each word stands for something else

Describe: Retrieval

Act of getting information out of long-term memory storage & back into conscious awareness

Discuss Karl Lashley's search for the ENGRAM

An engram is a physical trace of memory. Psychologist Karl spent much of his career training rats to run mazes. He never found it, concluding that memories are not housed in any specific brain structure but will be scattered about the brain.