Ch 1 Learnsmart Scientific Study of Life

Which of the following are Domain names in the taxonomic hierarchy of life? Plantae Bacteria Animalia Eukarya Archaea

Bacteria (prokaryotic) Eukarya Archaea (prokaryotic)

Evolution is

a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time

The variable of an experiment is

a changeable element of an experiment

What is the basic unit of life and consists of a membrane enclosing water, DNA, and other chemicals?

cell

The group in an experiment that is untreated and provides a basis for comparison is called the

control

Energy is lost from an ecosystem in the form of _____ during energy transfers.

heat

Identify the scientific prediction. -ice melts on sunny days -heat causes ice to melt -if we put ice under heat, then it will melt -you measure the rate at which ice melts under different temperature lamps

if we put ice under heat, then it will melt

A(n)_______ is an inert substance given to a portion of the experimental group to act as a control.

placebo

Select all of the following that are organisms plant fungus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) bacterial cell

plant fungus bacterial cell

The number of individuals examined in an experiment is called the

sample size

Because it generates new combinations of traits, what type of reproduction can be a very successful strategy in environments where conditions frequently change?

sexual reproduction

What is the science of naming and classifying organisms?

taxonomy

Which of the following are the characteristics of life? -the shed skin of a snake -a bacterial cell -a breathing rabbit -a membrane created in the lab

-a bacterial cell -a breathing rabbit

Select all of the following that are limitations to the scientific inquiry. -biases of scientists -misinterpretations of observations or results -ability to formulate a hypothesis -ability to make observations

-biases of scientists -misinterpretations of observations or results

Select all of the changes that occur in a human body when it becomes too cold. -blood is shunted away from the body surface -sweat evaporates from the skin -blood vessels dilate -shivering generates heat

-blood is shunted away from the body surface -shivering generates heat

Which of the following characteristics can scientists use to compare evolutionary relationships between organisms? -cellular attributes -population age structure -genetic characteristics -biochemical aspects -anatomical features

-cellular attributes -genetic characteristics -biochemical aspects -anatomical features

Which of the following questions can be answered experimentally? -does a new brand of cosmetics cause skin cancer -is it wrong to cheat on a test -does being more productive make one more moral -does excess sugar lead to weight gain

-does a new brand of cosmetics cause skin cancer -does excess sugar lead to weight gain

Select all of the following that are qualities of a scientific hypothesis. -it must be testable -it cannot be rejected -it can lead to specific predictions

-it must be testable -it can lead to specific predictions

Rank the following steps of the generalized scientific method in order from first at the top to last at the bottom. -analyze your data and draw conclusions -observe and ask questions about something in the natural world -carry out experiment(s) to test the hypothesis and collect data -create a hypothesis to explain you observations and make predictions

-observe and ask questions about something in the natural world -create a hypothesis to explain your observations and make predictions -carry out experiment(s) to test the hypothesis and collect data -analyze your data and draw conclusions

The following lists the levels of biological organization in order from smallest to largest. Fill in the missing components: Atom, molecule, organelle,___________, tissue,_________, organ system

Atom, molecule, organelle, CELL, tissue, ORGAN, organ system

Pair Theory Hypothesis -a comprehensive, well-accepted explanation of a natural phenomenon -a tentative, narrow-in-scope explanation of a natural phenomenon

Hypothesis- a tentative, narrow-in-scope explanation of a natural phenomenon Theory- a comprehensive, well-accepted explanation of a natural phenomenon

_______________ are membrane-bounded compartments within eukaryotic cells that carry out specialized functions; one example is a chloroplast.

Organelles

Match each eukaryotic group or kingdom with its appropriate description Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista -unicellular and multicellular organisms; autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms -multicellular; almost all are autotrophic organisms -heterotrophs; obtain food by external digestion -heterotrophs; obtain food by ingestion

Plantae- multicellular; almost all are autotrophic organisms Animalia- heterotrophs; obtain food by ingestion Fungi- heterotrophs; obtain food by external digestion Protista- unicellular and multicellular organisms; autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms

Inherited traits, characteristics, or behaviors that enable an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment are called

adaptations

An areas of forest, including the organisms that occupy it and the nonliving components of its area, is an example of

an ecosystem

In _________________________________, the offspring are mostly genetically identical (except for some mutations); in ___________________, most of the offspring are genetically different (except for twins).

asexual reproduction; sexual reproduction

What are the small chemical units that can combine to form molecules?

atom

Rank the following levels of biological organization from smallest (top) to largest (bottom) tissue organ molecule cell organelle atom

atom molecule organelle cell tissue organ

The ______________ includes all the ecosystems of Earth and its atmosphere where life can survive.

biosphere

A living thing exhibits all five properties of life and is composed of one or more _______, the basic units of life.

cells

What is the term for all the populations of different species that occupy the same location at the same time?

community

The cell's genetic instructions are encoded in a molecule called__________, and these instructions are used to produce proteins and allow the cell to carry out specialized functions.

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

What is one way that organisms in the domain Bacteria differ from organisms in the domain Archaea? -multicellularity -differences in DNA sequences -the presence of eukaryotic cells -the presence of nucleus

differences in DNA sequences

New complex function and characteristics that arise when he smaller components of an organism interact are called

emergent properties

All organisms use ______________ to fuel growth and to sustain homeostasis, a process that maintains internal constancy.

energy

Hypotheses are often tested with an investigation called a(n)

experiment

Pair experimentation discovery science -carefully observing animals in nature without manipulation of them or their setting -placing cells in different nutrient solutions to test a cell growth hypothesis -test of a hypothesis under controlled conditions -studying trends in diseases to reveal that the incidence of diabetes is correlated with incidence of obesity

experimentation- placing cells in different nutrient solutions to test a call growth hypothesis, test hypothesis under controlled conditions discovery science- carefully observing animals in nature without manipulation of them or their setting, studying tends in diseases to reveal that the incidence of diabetes is correlated with incidence of obesity

Put the following stages of development in order, beginning with the first stage at the top. embryo adult fertilized egg

fertilized egg embryo adult

Which of the following is required for evolution by natural selection to occur? -genetic variability within a population -control groups -migration of individuals into a population -an aquatic environment to minimize external changes

genetic variability within a population

Using a process called ______________, living organisms maintain a state of internal constancy or equilibrium, such as a constant range of temperatures, nutrients, or water.

homeostasis

Pair independent variable dependent variable standardized variable -the response that an investigator measures -a parameter of the experiment that is held constant -the manipulated portion of the experiment

independent variable- the manipulated portion of the experiment dependent variable- the response that the investigator measures standardized variable- a parameter of the experiment that is held constant

Atoms can bond together to form

molecules

What is a mechanism of evolution in which certain individuals from a population exhibit enhanced reproductive success based on inherited characteristics?

natural selection

What process favors survival of specific individuals within a population based on inherited characteristics?

natural selection

Science helps us answer questions about the

natural world

Development of ______________________ is an application of scientific knowledge.

new technologies

After compiling results from experiments or studies, researchers may use tests to determine statistical significance of the results, which is the probability that the results

occurred purely by chance

A leaf composed of several tissues organized to work together and is a(n) ______________ of a plant.

organ

If a bone is an example of an organ, then a of the bones in the body are part of a(n)

organ system

In a process called ___________, scientists independently evaluate the validity of the research in a scientific paper that has been submitted for publication.

peer review

What term refers to members of the same species living in the same place at the same time?

population

Match each of the following organisms with their method of obtaining energy producer consumer decomposer autotroph that obtains energy and nutrients from nonliving sources heterotroph that obtains energy and nutrients by eating other organisms heterotroph that obtains energy and nutrients from wastes and dead organisms

producer- autotroph that obtains energy and nutrients from nonliving sources consumer- heterotroph that obtains energy and nutrients by eating other organisms decomposer- heterotroph that obtains energy and nutrients fro wastes and dead organisms

What is the most common form of reproduction in plants, animals, and fungi?

sexual reproduction

When examining evolutionary relationships, taxonomists classify organisms according to

shared common ancestors

What is the basic unit of classification and is used in the second part of a scientific name to identify a distinctive type of organism?

species

What is the definition of metabolism?

the chemical reactions within a cell

A(n) _______________ is an explanation for a natural phenomenon that has been well tested and ties together many hypotheses.

theory

What term would a biologist use to describe evolution?

theory

A _______ is a more comprehensive and ofter better-accepted explanation of a natural phenomenon than a ______.

theory; hypothesis

Organs are made up of

tissues