CH 10-14 Exam

How many regions make up the brain stem?

3 The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

A deltoid injection is given

5 cm below the greater tubercle of the humerus.

Fascicle

A fascicle is a group of muscle fibers surrounded by a connective tissue wrapping, the perimysium

The cross bridge cycle is a series of molecular events that occur after excitation of the sarcolemma. What is a cross bridge?

A myosin head bound to actin As soon as the activated myosin head forms a cross bridge with actin, the power stroke begins.

A triad is composed of a T-tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. How are these components connected?

A series of proteins that control calcium release. When action potentials propagate along T-tubules, a voltage-sensitive protein changes shape and triggers a different protein to open it's channels, resulting in the release of calcium from the terminal cisternae.

After a power stroke, the myosin head must detach from actin before another power stroke can occur. What causes cross bridge detachment?

ATP binds to the myosin head. The binding of ATP to the myosin head weakens the bond between myosin and actin, forcing the myosin head to detach. ATP also provides the energy for the next power stroke.

____________ is the neurotransmitter that signals a single contraction of a muscle cell.

Acetylcholine

Action potential propagation in a skeletal muscle fiber ceases when acetylcholine is removed from the synaptic cleft. Which of the following mechanisms ensures a rapid and efficient removal of acetylcholine?

Acetylcholine is degraded by acetylcholinesterase. Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that degrades acetylcholine. This degradation results in a rapid cessation of the acetylcholine signal and a swift removal from the cleft.

The neuromuscular junction is a well-studied example of a chemical synapse. Which of the following statements describes a critical event that occurs at the neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholine is released by axon terminals of the motor neuron. Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis.

What do the three nerves illustrated here have in common? -Olfactory nerve CN I -Optic nerve CN II -Vestibulocochlear nerve VIII

All are primarily or exclusively sensory nerves. These three nerves are primarily sensory.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) __________. -is five times more common in temperate Europe or the United States than in tropical countries -is a demyelinating disease that affects more women than men, and affects men later in life -is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by numbness or pain on the skin, muscle weakness, slurred speech, and difficulty in maintaining balance -is not always easy to diagnose because of its range of symptoms and presentation -All of the listed answers are accurately ascribed to MS.

All of the listed answers are accurately ascribed to MS.

As difficult as the problem of stimulating axonal regeneration is, other problems challenge researchers and clinicians as they try to restore complete function to someone with a spinal cord injury. Some of these problems might include which of the following? -stimulating neuron cell bodies to regenerate when the neurons are totally destroyed -restoring the neuronal synapses of a destroyed neuron. -Controlling the secondary damage from inflammation while minimizing the risk from infections, which are usually prevented (in part) by the inflammatory process. -All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct. A spinal cord injury destroys axons, neurons and synaptic connections, and it disrupts the regional neuroglia.

Myofilaments __________. -are specific types of microfilaments -are responsible for shortening muscle cells -include actin and myosin -All of the listed responses are correct.

All the answers listed are true of myofilaments.

Which of the following is a similarity among skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles?

All three depend on myofilaments for contraction.

Falling debris from an earthquake has crushed the right leg of a young man. He is extremely fortunate and was rescued immediately. As a health care provider, you would want to do all EXCEPT which of the following? -Monitor his urine output. -Stabilize his leg, and obtain X rays when possible. -Give vigorous intravenous hydration to help keep the concentration of myoglobin in the blood decreased. -Avoid giving him fluids.

Avoid giving him fluids. Dehydration will only increase the likelihood of renal failure.

The spine of which vertebra is most prominent in the posterior midline of the neck?

C7

Calcium ions couple excitation of a skeletal muscle fiber to contraction of the fiber. Where are calcium ions stored within the fiber?

Calcium ions are stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Sarcoplasmic reticulum is the specific name given to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibers. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is very elaborate in skeletal muscle fibers, allowing for significant storage of calcium ions.

What specific event triggers the uncovering of the myosin binding site on actin?

Calcium ions bind to troponin and change its shape. The shape change caused by the binding of calcium to troponin shifts tropomyosin away from the myosin binding sites on actin.

Which of the following is most directly responsible for the coupling of excitation to contraction of skeletal muscle fibers?

Calcium ions. Action potentials propagating down the T-tubule cause a voltage-sensitive protein to change shape. This shape change opens calcium release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, allowing calcium ions to flood the sarcoplasm. This flood of calcium ions is directly responsible for the coupling of excitation to contraction in skeletal muscle fibers.

Excitation of the sarcolemma is coupled or linked to the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. What specific event initiates the contraction?

Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates the contraction. Sarcoplasmic reticulum is the specific name given to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells. It is especially abundant and convoluted in skeletal muscle cells. It functions in the storage, release, and reuptake of calcium ions.

Which neuronal structures are located in the ventral horn?

Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons The cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in the ventral horn of gray matter.

Identify the passageway found in the spinal cord that is continuous with the ventricles.

Central canal The central canal is the canal found in the spinal cord that originates off of the fourth ventricle.

Where is the arbor vitae located?

Cerebellum The white matter in the cerebellum has a branching arrangement that resembles a tree. This structure is named for its appearance. The term arbor vitae means "tree of life."

Which passageway connects the third and fourth ventricles?

Cerebral aqueduct The cerebral aqueduct is the narrow passageway that connects the third and fourth ventricles. It can sometimes be observed on a midsagittal section.

Which region of the brain is necessary for consciousness?

Cerebrum The cerebrum is involved in higher order functions such as consciousness, personality, and intellect.

What structure connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?

Corpus callosum The corpus callosum is a large fiber tract of axons connecting the right cerebral hemisphere to the left cerebral hemisphere.

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between spinal neuronal pathways and cortical neuronal pathways?

Cortical neuronal pathways travel outside of the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex and are slower than spinal neuronal pathways.

Which nerves innervate muscles that move the eye?

Cranial nerves III, IV, VI The oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV), and abducens (CN VI) innervate the extrinsic eye muscles.

When does cross bridge cycling end?

Cross bridge cycling ends when sufficient calcium has been actively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum to allow calcium to unbind from troponin. The sarcoplasmic reticulum contains Ca2+-ATPases that actively transport Ca2+ into the SR. Without Ca2+, troponin returns to its resting shape, and tropomyosin glides over and covers the myosin binding sites on actin.

What is one of the primary clinical benefits of the distribution of dermatomes?

Dermatomes can help pinpoint the level of spinal injuries.

Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X _________.

Each contain general visceral motor axons and are characterized as nerves of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Excitation-contraction coupling is a series of events that occur after the events of the neuromuscular junction have transpired. The term excitation refers to which step in the process?

Excitation, in this case, refers to the propagation of action potentials along the sarcolemma. These action potentials set off a series of events that lead to a contraction.

Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions are part of the somatic motor nervous division.

False

Damage to the ventral root causes spastic paralysis, whereas damage to the descending tracts causes flaccid paralysis.

False

The accessory nerve (cranial nerve CN XI) contains fibers that assist the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).

False

The cerebellum is present on the ventral surface of the sheep brain.

False The cerebellum is not a ventral structure. It is located on the dorsal surface of the brain.

Why are there fewer muscle fibers per motor unit in the fingers than in the muscles of the thighs?

Fewer muscle fibers per motor unit allows for fine control of muscle action.

Which ventricle is located within the brain stem?

Fourth ventricle The fourth ventricle is located anterior to the cerebellum. It is continuous with the third ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct at its superior border and continuous with the central canal at its inferior border.

As a dentist preparing to do a procedure on one of the lower teeth, you have given an inferior alveolar nerve block. Why would you warn the patient to be careful for several hours after the procedure?

He or she might bite the tip of the tongue and be unaware of it. The inferior alveolar nerve also innervates the tip of the tongue, causing anesthesia.

Damage to which cranial nerve pair may result in anosmia?

I

Sensory fibers of which cranial nerve pair pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?

I

The region of thin filaments only that is part of two adjacent sarcomeres is the __________.

I band

Which cranial nerve pair is characterized by somatic sensory fibers crossing at the ventral midline of the brain?

II

To avoid double vision, which of the following groups of cranial nerves must be functioning correctly?

III, IV, and VI

Of the cranial nerve pairs listed below, which nerve, along with XI and XII, relays only somatic motor impulses?

IV

Which cranial nerve pair, along with cranial nerve III, has fibers that pass through the superior orbital fissure?

IV

Which cranial nerve, along with the abducens and oculomotor nerves, has somatic motor fibers that pass through the superior orbital fissure?

IV

Which cranial nerves have fibers that relay somatic motor impulses to pharyngeal muscles during swallowing?

IX and X

Which of the following structures attach the pituitary gland to the brain?

Infundibulum The infundibulum attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. It contains axons that originate in the hypothalamus and end in the posterior pituitary.

Which of the following statements describes interneurons?

Interneurons are multipolar neurons that are confined to the CNS and are linked together in chains that form complex neuronal pathways

What is the importance of acetylcholinesterase in the neuromuscular junction?

It breaks down acetylcholine immediately after the neurotransmitter signals a contraction.

Which of the following statements about an axon is false? -It is also referred to as a nerve fiber. -It has branches. -It has a uniform diameter. -It carries nerve impulses toward the cell body.

It carries nerve impulses toward the cell body.

Which of these statements is true of the hypothalamus?

It controls the autonomic nervous system and regulates hunger and thirst sensations.

Which of the following is FALSE concerning the masseter? -It is a prime mover of jaw closure. -Its origin is the zygomatic arch and zygomatic bone. -It draws the corner of the mouth laterally and compresses the cheek. -It is innervated by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve. -It is a synergist of the medial pterygoid muscle.

It draws the corner of the mouth laterally and compresses the cheek.

Which of the following statements concerning surface anatomy is false? -It is best studied in cadavers. -It is used to take pulses, insert tubes, make surgical incisions, and perform other clinical procedures. -It studies internal organs as they relate to surface landmarks. -It serves as a basis for a standard physical examination.

It is best studied in cadavers.

What is the clinical significance of the triangle of auscultation?

It is the space between the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, and medial border of the scapula where a clinician listens to a patient's heart and lung sounds.

What is unusual about the last nerve in the thoracic series (T12)?

It lies inferior to the 12th rib.

Through which hole in the skull do the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves pass?

Jugular foramen All three nerves exit the skull through the jugular foramen.

Which spinal nerves are involved in the lumbar plexus, and what could become paralyzed if these nerves are damaged?

L1-L4; quadriceps femoris and adductor muscle group

Which vertebra lies at the intersection of the supracristal lines and is used as the site to insert a needle to obtain a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

L4

Which of the following ventricles is found under the corpus callosum?

Lateral ventricles The lateral ventricles lie side by side under the corpus callosum, separated by the septum pellucidum.

Onto which structure do the three layers of the abdominal muscles insert?

Linea alba All three layers of the lateral abdominal wall insert midventrally on the linea alba.

Which area of the brain stem is in contact with the spinal cord?

Medulla oblongata The medulla oblongata is the lowest region of the brain stem. It is continuous with the spinal cord at the foramen magnum of the skull.

Which region contains the corpora quadrigemina?

Midbrain The corpora quadrigemina are found on the posterior surface of the midbrain. They can be observed by looking into the transverse fissure.

How does the sliding filament mechanism result in concentric contraction of skeletal muscle?

Myosin heads of thick filaments attach to thin filaments at both ends of a sarcomere and pull the thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere

During contraction of a sarcomere, what happens to the A band? -It disappears. -The pull of actin filaments causes it to lengthen. -The A bands overlap, due to the pull of the thin filaments on the thick filaments. -It shortens, because the myosin myofibrils (thick filaments) shorten. -None of the listed responses is correct.

None of the listed responses is correct. The A band does not change length during contraction!

All EXCEPT which two cranial nerves attach to the brain at the brainstem? -Oculomotor and trochlear nerves -Glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves -Olfactory and optic nerves -Trigeminal and vagus nerves

Olfactory and optic nerves The olfactory nerves arise from the olfactory bulb. The optic nerve fibers enter the thalamus via the optic tract. All other cranial nerves attach to the brainstem (midbrain, pons, or medulla oblongata).

Identify cranial nerve I.

Olfactory nerve Cranial nerve I is the olfactory nerve

Which of the following areas takes visual information from one side of the body and conveys it to the opposite side?

Optic chiasm The optic chiasm is where the optic nerves cross midline, so that sensory information from one side of the body is processed on the opposite side of the brain.

Which of the following structures is not part of the central nervous system? -Mammillary body -Optic nerve -Optic tract -Optic chiasm

Optic nerve Nerves are bundles of axons found in the peripheral nervous system. The optic nerve is an extension of the brain, not part of the brain.

Which muscle forms the anterior border of the axilla?

Pectoralis major The pectoralis major forms the anterior axillary fold.

Little Jack is complaining that he cannot hear from his left ear. How can you determine whether this is caused by damage to his left ear or by damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Perform both exams. You can directly examine the ear and indirectly evaluate the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve by these tests to help little Jack.

Which meninx surrounding the central nervous system contains blood vessels that nourish the neural tissue?

Pia mater The delicate pia mater ("gentle mother") is highly vascularized. It follows the gyri, sulci, and fissures, and it carries blood vessels into the neural tissue of the central nervous system.

Which of the following glands can be observed on the ventral surface of the sheep brain?

Pituitary gland The pituitary gland can be seen on the ventral surface of the brain. It can easily be removed with the meninges if care isn't taken to keep it attached.

Which statement is true concerning neuronal regeneration?

Reinnervation of the target organ with partial recovery of function is sometimes possible in the PNS.

__________ cells are immature cells that resemble undifferentiated myoblasts.

Satellite

Which of the following explains why cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the PNS (outside the CNS) in ganglia?

Sensory neurons arise from neural crest cells.

You have accurately diagnosed a right abducens nerve paralysis. The individual has double vision because of the paralysis. The patient does not want to wear an eye patch How will she minimize her double vision?

She will walk looking to the left as much as possible. The right eye is turned medially toward the nose because the right lateral rectus muscle is not functioning and the action of the medial rectus muscle is unopposed. If she is looking to the left, both eyes will be more closely aligned and double vision will be minimized. You might suggest that she get an eye patch to cover her right eye. After appropriate testing, you could reassure her that frequently this condition clears up within several weeks.

What is the result of skeletal muscles being formed from the fusion of embryonic myoblasts?

Skeletal muscle fibers are multinucleate.

Which clinical symptom results from injury to the descending fiber tracts in the spinal cord white matter?

Spastic paralysis Spastic paralysis, lack of control of muscle movements, results from injury to the descending fiber tracts.

What part of the corpora quadrigemina is clearly observed in a midsagittal section?

Superior colliculus The superior colliculus is clearly observed in the transverse fissure on the back of the midbrain. It is involved with directing eye movement.

Calcium entry into the axon terminal triggers which of the following events?

Synaptic vesicles fuse to the plasma membrane of the axon terminal and release acetylcholine. When synaptic vesicles fuse to the plasma membrane, acetylcholine is released via exocytosis.

Identify the structure within the muscle fiber that carries an electrical impulse from the surface membrane deep into the muscle fiber.

T tubule Located at the A""I junctions in skeletal muscle, the T tubules carry the electrical stimulus to contract deep into the muscle fiber.

Which of the following areas form the central core of the brain?

Thalamus The thalamus is the central region of the diencephalon and forms the central core of the brain. The thalamus is enclosed by the cerebrum.

What neuronal action occurs at the pyramids of the medulla oblongata?

The axons of upper motor neurons cross to the opposite side of the brain.

What is the primary reason that men have greater muscle mass than women?

The effects of androgen hormones give men greater muscle mass than women.

How does the myosin head obtain the energy required for activation?

The energy comes from the hydrolysis of ATP. Myosin is a large, complex protein with a binding site for actin. It also contains an ATPase. The energy released during the hydrolysis of ATP activates the myosin head.

When Stephanie burns herself on a hotplate, she immediately pulls back her arm, screams in pain, and starts running her hand under cold water. Which of the following events is NOT associated with the cortical pathways activated during Stephanie's response? -The immediate withdrawal of her hand from the hotplate -Her screaming in pain -Running her hand under cold water -All of the listed responses are associated with the cortical neuronal pathways.

The immediate withdrawal of her hand from the hotplate

Sodium and potassium ions do not diffuse in equal numbers through ligand-gated cation channels. Why?

The inside surface of the sarcolemma is negatively charged compared to the outside surface. Sodium ions diffuse inward along favorable chemical and electrical gradients. The resting membrane potential of all cells is negative (inside compared to outside). Therefore, given the direction of the chemical and electrical gradients, more sodium ions diffuse inward than potassium ions diffuse outward.

During contraction, which of the following occurs in a sarcomere?

The lengths of the I bands and the H zone decrease.

As a result of fracturing the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone in a motor vehicle accident, a 37-year-old female reports losing her sense of smell. After the accident, she was told she was dripping cerebrospinal fluid from her nose. Which other injury might she have sustained?

The meninges and the epithelial lining of the nasal mucosa were punctured. A fracture of the cribriform plate can puncture the meninges and the epithelial lining of the nasal mucosa. Such an injury can result in loss of the cerebrospinal fluid, which will drip from the nose!

What structure is the functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber?

The sarcomere A sarcomere is a regular arrangement of thin and thick myofilaments that extends from one Z disc to the next. A myofibril consists of a series of sarcomeres.

Why does the size of the ventral horns of the spinal cord vary along its length?

The size of the ventral horns reflects the amount of skeletal musculature innervated at each level. Ventral horns are largest in the cervical and lumbar regions, which innervate the upper and lower limbs respectively.

Why does a lumbar puncture take place in the lower lumbar region of the spinal cord?

The spinal cord ends at approximately the level of L1, making the area between L4 and L5 a safe location to sample cerebral spinal fluid without injuring the neural tissue of the spinal cord. A lumbar puncture can be safely administered well below the conus medullaris, which is located at L1 to L2 in most people.

Why are sensory neurons that monitor touch, pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature considered "general sensory receptors"?

Their receptors are widely distributed over the body.

What do cranial nerves I, II, and VIII have in common?

They all transmit special sensory impulses.

How do physicians diagnose a "Colles fracture" of the radius (fracture near the distal epiphysis) using surface anatomy?

They palpate the styloid process of the radius and find that it has moved proximally from its normal position.

Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the spinal cord? -The spinal cord is a major integration center for reflexes. -It provides a two-way conduction pathway for signals between the body and the brain. -Through the spinal nerves that attach to it, the spinal cord is involved in sensory and motor innervation of the entire body inferior to the head. -Through the cranial nerves that attach to it, the spinal cord is involved in sensory and motor innervation of the head and neck. -All of the statements are functions attributed to the spinal cord. There are no exceptions.

Through the cranial nerves that attach to it, the spinal cord is involved in sensory and motor innervation of the head and neck. This is not a function associated with the spinal cord.

All of the special senses taste, smell, vision, hearing, and equilibrium are part of the afferent division of the peripheral nervous system.

True

The vagus nerve (CN X) is the only cranial nerve pair found inferior to the diaphragm.

True

The white matter of the spinal cord contains ascending and descending pathways known as tracts.

True

All three regions of the brain stem can be observed on the ventral surface of the brain.

True All 3 regions of the brain stem, the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, can be observed on the ventral surface.

The ventricles are all interconnected.

True Narrow passageways connect the ventricles together, so that cerebrospinal fluid flows freely inside the ventricular system.

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within the ventricles.

True The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid. It is found in each of the ventricles.

The inferior colliculi are part of the corpora quadrigemina.

True The corpora quadrigemina is a collection of 4 bumps on the posterior surface of the midbrain. It is composed of the 2 superior colliculi and the 2 inferior colliculi.

The foramen magnum marks the border between the medulla oblongata and spinal cord.

True The medulla oblongata is the lowest region of the brain stem. It is continuous with the spinal cord at the foramen magnum of the skull.

What is the relationship between the number of motor neurons recruited and the number of skeletal muscle fibers innervated?

Typically, hundreds of skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by a single motor neuron. There are many more skeletal muscle fibers than there are motor neurons. The ratio of neurons to fibers varies from approximately one to ten to approximately one to thousands.

The cranial nerve pair with large branches that passes through the foramen ovale of the skull is

V

Which cranial nerve pair has two sensory branches which both pass through the internal acoustic meatus?

V

Which of the cranial nerve listed below is the largest in diameter?

V

A person who cannot blink or smile could have damage to which cranial nerve?

VII

Damage to which cranial nerve pair can cause deafness and problems with equilibrium?

VIII

Which cranial nerve, along with cranial nerve pair II, relays specific somatic sensory impulses?

VIII

What is the area of insertion for serratus anterior?

Vertebral border of scapula The serratus anterior arises from the lateral surfaces of ribs 1 - 8 and inserts on the anterior surface of the vertebral border of the scapula.

A patient can understand words spoken to him, but has an impaired ability to speak. Which area of the brain related to speech is functioning normally and which area has been damaged?

Wernicke's area; Broca's area

What is the only cranial nerve that has fibers that enter and leave the skull through different foramen? (Hint: It enters through the foramen magnum and leaves through the jugular foramen.)

XI

Which cranial nerve pair along with the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves, exits through the jugular foramen?

XI

Damage to which cranial nerve pair can cause difficulties in speech and swallowing?

XII

Which cranial nerve pair, similar to cranial nerve II, runs through a canal that bears the same name?

XII

Which function remains intact with Bell's palsy?

You can chew on both sides. The muscles of mastication are innervated by the trigeminal nerve.

Rhabdomyolysis is __________.

a condition in which myoglobin pours from crushed muscle tissue into the bloodstream, causing renal failure

Of the following, which is the only structure that is found in the PNS, as opposed to in the CNS?

a ganglion

It is easy to confuse the terms sulcus and gyrus (on the cerebral cortex). The difference between these two terms is that

a gyrus is a ridge, and a sulcus is a groove.

Sarcopenia is __________.

a loss of muscle mass and decrease in muscle strength that may occur with advancing age

One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates is __________.

a motor unit

An axon collateral from one neuron that circles back and synapses with a previous neuron describes

a reverberating circuit.

Define a motor unit

a single motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates

Which of the following is not a characteristic of neurons? -longevity -inability to divide -ability to survive without oxygen -high metabolic rate

ability to survive without oxygen

The cranial nerves that have neural connections with the tongue include all of the following except the -trigeminal. -facial. -accessory. -glossopharyngeal.

accessory.

Which of the following is associated with Alzheimer's disease?

accumulation of protein plaques around neurons

Excitability is the special functional feature of muscle tissue that __________.

allows electrical impulses to travel along the cells' sarcolemma, leading to contraction

You are a clinician seeing a patient who is complaining of muscle weakness after receiving a poorly given gluteal intramuscular injection last week. Based on this history, you would LEAST expect to see which of the following? -an inability to dorsiflex the foot -an inability to extend the leg at the knee -an inability to flex the leg at the knee -an inability to plantar flex the foot

an inability to extend the leg at the knee Extending the leg at the knee is accomplished by the quadriceps femoris, and these muscles are innervated by the femoral nerve.

Palpation of this landmark may help diagnose a fracture of the scaphoid or radius.

anatomical snuffbox

A flat sheet of connective tissue that extends beyond the muscle fibers to attach the muscle to bone is a(n) ______.

aponeurosis

Axon terminals __________.

are clusters of enlarged endings of an axon that may contain neurotransmitters

Endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium __________.

are each continuous with tendons, so they can work together to produce force

Myofascial pain syndrome is ______.

associated with overused or strained postural muscles

This neuronal region transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body.

axon

This part of the neuron may have branching collaterals.

axon

This tends to be the longest cytoplasmic projection from a neuron.

axon

Action potentials travel along the

axon membrane.

Which of the following is the correct path an impulse takes across a synapse?

axon of presynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft, dendrite of postsynaptic neuron

Mitochondria are particularly abundant here.

axon terminal

These regions of a neuron are also referred to as terminal boutons.

axon terminal

At what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate (inferiorly) in the average adult?

between L1 and L2

An individual is paraplegic when spinal cord injury occurs __________.

between T1 and L2 spinal segments

Which relatively rare type of neuron has two processes extending from opposite sides of the cell body?

bipolar

__________neurons are rare neurons, but are located in the retina and in the olfactory mucosa.

bipolar

During eccentric contraction, muscles resist gravity, acting like a__________.

brake

An axosomatic synapse occurs between the axon terminals of one neuron and the ________ of another neuron.

cell body

This region of a neuron contains chromatophilic substance or Nissl bodies.

cell body

This region of the neuron contains a single nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm.

cell body

The fluid-filled ventricles within the cerebrum are similar in function to the ________ of the spinal cord.

central canal

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by choroid plexuses in all the following locations except the -fourth ventricle. -third ventricle. -central canal. -lateral ventricle.

central canal.

The__________coordinates body movements and has been recently discovered to play a role in language, problem solving, and task planning.

cerebellum

The second largest region of the brain is the

cerebellum.

Which of these regions has two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum?

cerebrum

Which of these regions of the brain has frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, as well as the insula?

cerebrum

Which region or regions of the central nervous system have an external layer of gray matter?

cerebrum and cerebellum Both the cerebrum and the cerebellum have an outer cortex of gray matter.

Most synapses transmit communicating signals using

chemical signaling molecules-neurotransmitters.

Trace the path of circulation of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) from production to absorption.

choroid plexus, ventricles of the brain, subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi, superior sagittal sinus CSF is produced in the choroid plexus of each ventricle. It circulates through the CNS and is eventually reabsorbed into the vascular system at the arachnoid villi.

Two parts of the brain that are most involved in emotions are the

cingulate gyrus and hypothalamus.

As a clinician, you might enlarge the triangle of auscultation by getting the individual to do which of the following actions?

contract the serratus anterior By contracting the serratus anterior, the inferior edge of the scapula is rotated superiorly and laterally, enlarging the triangle.

This structure is located between the laryngeal prominence and the jugular notch of the manubrium.

cricoid cartilage

A triangular depression on the anterior surface of the elbow

cubital fossa

Site of intravenous catheter insertion and blood draws

cubital fossa

These regions of a neuron are characterized by numerous, short cytoplasmic extensions and are often referred to as receiving regions.

dendrite

These regions of the neuron direct electrical currents toward the cell body.

dendrite

The processes that branch from the cell body of a neuron and receive signals from other neurons are__________

dendrites

Microglia are unlike other neuroglial cells in that they __________.

derive from pre-natal monocytes

In __________ attachments, the strands of connective tissue are so short that the muscle fascicles appear to attach to the bone.

direct

By palpation, one locates the temporomandibular joint

directly anterior to the external auditory opening.

The oculomotor nerve __________.

directs somatic motor axons to four of the six extrinsic eye muscles and also transmits parasympathetic visceromotor impulses to pupillary constrictor muscle of the eye

__________is seen in a stretch reflex when the stretch of a muscle stimulates numerous sensory neurons that then synapse with 100 or more neurons in the grey matter of the spinal cord.

divergence

Which fiber tract carries the sensations of discriminative touch and proprioception?

dorsal column The fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus carry sensation of discriminative touch and proprioception to the somatosensory cortex.

Paralysis or damage to the trochlear nerve results in __________.

double vision and reduced ability to rotate the eye inferolaterally

Spina bifida and anencephaly are both examples of what category of congenital malformation?

dyskinesia

After a trauma, Jeremy has loss of vision in his right eye. He appears to have normal vision in the left eye. Based on this information, where has Jeremy's injury occurred?

either to his right eye or his right optic nerve An injury to either the right eye OR the right optic nerve can cause blindness in the right eye, while the vision in the left eye remains normal. An injury or disease of the optic tract will cause vision loss to both eyes.

The property of skeletal muscle function that allows recoil after being stretched is ______.

elasticity

Which of the following most immediately encases the smallest component of a nerve?

endoneurium

The entire nerve is surrounded by a tough fibrous sheath called the

epineurium.

Action potentials travel the length of the axons of motor neurons to the axon terminals. These motor neurons __________.

extend from the brain or spinal cord to the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle fiber. The cell bodies of motor neurons to muscles in the head and neck are located in the brain. The cell bodies of motor neurons to the rest of our muscles are located in the spinal cord.

If your patient had problems tasting on the anterior two-thirds of his tongue, you would suspect damage to the __________nerves.

facial

Identify ALL of the cranial nerves that transmit gustatory (taste) impulses.

facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus The facial and glossopharyngeal relay taste impulses from the tongue and the vagus relays taste impulses from the epiglottis and mucosa of the pharynx.

Depression defined by the inguinal ligament, sartorius, and adductor longus muscles

femoral triangle

Gray matter in the CNS contains all of the following except -fiber tracts. -neuron cell bodies. -neuroglia. -dendrites.

fiber tracts.

One of the distinctions between the cerebrum and cerebellum is that

fibers of the cerebellum enter and leave ipsilaterally, whereas those of the cerebrum enter and leave contralateraly.

Damage to the ventral horns of the spinal cord or to the ventral motor roots destroys motor neurons in the region of injury, resulting in__________paralysis.

flaccid

Regeneration of peripheral axons requires

formation of a tube by Schwann cells to guide growth.

Pain associated with the anatomical snuffbox may indicate

fracture of the scaphoid bone.

The peripheral nerve fibers that speed up the movement of the digestive tract are classified as

general visceral motor (efferent).

Fast glycolytic muscle fibers __________.

generate lots of power and depend on anaerobic pathways to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

The __________ nerve transmits parasympathetic visceromotor impulsesto the parotid salivary gland and relays sensory impulses from chemoreceptors in the carotid body.

glossopharyngeal

Ganglia represent

groups of neuron cell bodies.

The function of the blood-brain barrier is to

help protect the central nervous system.

Titin is a protein that __________.

holds thick filaments in place, thus maintaining the organization of the A band

Which of these regions of the brain regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst?

hypothalamus

Which of these regions of the brain regulates hormonal secretions from the pituitary gland (hypophysis)?

hypothalamus

Where is the structural link between the CNS and PNS located?

in the gray matter of the CNS

The abducens nerve (CN VI)

innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eye.

The point of attachment on the more movable bone is called the _________ of the muscle.

insertion The more movable attachment of a muscle is called its insertion.

A node of Ranvier (myelin sheath gap)

is a bare region of axonal membrane in myelinated axons only.

Which factors contribute to increasing the speed of nerve impulse transmission?

larger diameter of axon and the presence of myelin sheath

The midclavicular line is almost exactly the same as a

line extending straight superiorly from the mid-inguinal point.

The sternal angle is a reference point for _____.

locating the position of the 2nd rib The ribs are used as horizontal landmarks for locating the underlying thoracic organs. Locating the 2nd rib is a useful reference point.

Baroreceptors are a type of __________ that monitors __________.

mechanoreceptor / blood pressure

Which brain region coordinates all of these critical functions: adjusts the rate and force of heart contractions, adjusts blood vessel diameter to regulate blood pressure, and regulates respiration rates?

medulla oblongata

Neural centers that control heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the

medulla.

ALS would NOT be associated with which of the following? -abnormal stretch reflexes (deep tendon reflexes) -loss of muscle strength -difficulty breathing -memory difficulty

memory difficulty ALS does not affect the ability to think or reason.

Which cells are the macrophages of the CNS?

microglial cells

The simplest type of reflex, in which there is no interneuron between the sensory and motor neuron, is called a __________reflex.

monosynaptic

A somatic motor neuron carries

motor commands to the skeletal musculature.

Which type of fibers are found in the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)?

motor to the muscles of the tongue The hypoglossal nerve is primarily a somatic motor nerve to the intrinsic and extrinsic muscle of the tongue.

The majority of neurons in the body are

multipolar.

Which structure listed below is NOT innervated by the cranial nerve shown here? -anterior 2/3 of tongue -muscles of mastication -skin of the cheek -muscles of facial expression

muscles of facial expression The facial nerve, CN VII, innervates the facial muscles; the trigeminal nerve, CN V, innervates the skin of the face.

Using Hilton's law of the innervation of joints, determine which nerves innervate the elbow joint.

musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, and radial nerves Since biceps, triceps, and the digital and carpal flexors (innervated by both median and ulnar nerves) cross the elbow, all four of these nerves will contribute to sensory innervation of the elbow joint.

White matter represents

myelinated axons traveling together in the CNS.

The point at which a nerve ending and skeletal fiber meet is called a(n) ______.

neuromuscular junction

The visual cortex is located in the _________ lobe.

occipital lobe Both the primary visual cortex and the visual association area are located in the occipital lobe.

Tactile corpuscles (Meissner's corpuscles)

occur in dermal papillae.

Which cells provide the myelin sheath for neurons in the CNS?

oligodendrocyctes

Interneurons are found

only in the CNS.

Which of these cranial nerve pairs do not pass through the superior orbital fissures?

optic

Mixed cranial nerves containing both motor and sensory fibers include all of the following except the

optic.

The attachment of a muscle on the less movable bone is called the muscle's __________.

origin

Nociceptors respond to harmful stimuli that result in__________.

pain

Which of the following is not considered a special somatic sense? -equilibrium -pain -smell -taste

pain

What types of sensory information are conveyed toward the brain in the lateral spinothalamic tracts?

pain and temperature

Nerve fascicles are bound into bundles by a wrapping of connective tissue called __________.

perineurium

The covering of a fascicle within a nerve is the

perineurium.

A depression on the posterior of the knee

popliteal fossa

The__________triangle of the neck is defined by the sternocleidomastoid anteriorly, the trapezius posteriorly, and the clavicle inferiorly. This triangle contains most of the cervical plexus and the brachial plexus.

posterior

The vertical groove in the center of the back is called the

posterior median furrow.

If the most caudal part of the CNS is the conus medullaris, then the most rostral part is/are the

prefrontal lobes.

Shearing of axons in a diffuse axonal injury causes such widespread disruptions because such an injury involves

projection fibers.

The inguinal ligament can be located by drawing an imaginary line between two palpable bony surface landmarks: the anterior superior iliac spine and the

pubic tubercle.

Which of the following is a descending motor spinal tract?

pyramidal pathway

Which of the following is the correct arrangement of a reflex arc?

receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

Which bony landmark of the pelvis cannot be palpated?

sacral promontory

The plasma membrane of a muscle cell is called the __________.

sarcolemma

Which muscles form the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

sartorius and adductor longus The femoral artery, vein, and nerve are located in the femoral triangle.

These glial cells surround the cell bodies of sensory neurons within ganglia of the PNS.

satellite cells

A monosynaptic reflex arc is an example of

serial processing.

Children that have had chicken pox may experience a reactivation of this viral infection in adulthood, which is known as

shingles

Motor neurons to skeletal muscle belong to the

somatic division of the nervous system.

The cell bodies located in the anteriormost region of the spinal cord's gray matter belong to this group.

somatic motor

The trigeminal nerve contains which class(es) of nerve fibers?

somatic motor and general somatic sensory

A man walking barefoot stepped on a piece of glass. His foot jerked upward in which type of reflex?

somatic, polysynaptic withdrawal reflex

Damage to which region of the brain would result in someone being unable to identify an item in his or her pocket by touch alone?

somatosensory association cortex A person with damage to the somatosensory cortex would have to take the item out of his or her pocket to identify it.

Myofibrils are __________.

specialized contractile organelles found in muscle cells

Which of these foramen does not include a branch of the trigeminal nerve?

spinosum

The__________pathway carries information on pain, temperature, deep pressure, and coarser aspects of the sense of touchâ€"stimuli that we are aware of but cannot localize precisely.

spinothalamic

Which of the following statements is NOT an important function of the connective tissue sheaths contained within skeletal muscle? -provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves -bind muscle fibers together and contribute to elasticity of muscle -transmit contractile forces from the muscle fibers to the skeletal system -storage of fat for a ready energy source for active muscles

storage of fat for a ready energy source for active muscles Fat may be stored in the fascia surrounding skeletal muscle, but it is not typically stored within these fibrous connective tissue sheaths.

Cerebrospinal fluid is located within the

subarachnoid space.

A horizontal line on the back used for locating the fourth lumbar vertebra

supracristal line

Chemical signals diffuse between neurons at this location.

synapse

This is the site of communication between neurons.

synapse

Which type of sensory receptors are found in dermal papillae of hairless skin, particularly nipples and fingertips?

tactile corpuscles (Meissner's corpuscles)

If a person's corpus callosum was severed __________.

that person would experience a lack of communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres

Which of the following structures is not used to define the borders of femoral triangle? -the adductor longus -the anterior superior iliac spine -the sartorius -the inguinal ligament

the anterior superior iliac spine

Palpation is __________.

the art of feeling internal structures through the skin with the fingers

Z discs (Z lines) are ______.

the boundaries of two adjacent sarcomeres

In the region of the spinal cord, the cell bodies of most interneurons lie in

the dorsal half of the gray matter.

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in

the dorsal root ganglia external to the spinal cord.

After someone faints, smelling salts of ammonia may be placed under the person's nose. The person breathes the ammonia vapors, which deliver a sharp jolt to the nasal membranes, and the person wakes up. This illustrates

the function of sensory input to the reticular activating system.

Which of the following structures forms the roof of the anterior triangle of the neck?

the inferior margin of the mandible

The complexity of the CNS can be attributed to

the large number of interneurons in the CNS.

Which of these brain regions are active in the formation of memories?

the limbic association area, basal forebrain nuclei, and the hypothalamus

Acetylcholine binds to its receptor in the sarcolemma and triggers __________.

the opening of ligand-gated cation channels. These channels permit sodium ions to diffuse inward and potassium ions to diffuse outward.

The anterior axillary fold results from the muscle mass of __________.

the pectoralis major

In a sarcomere, the thin filaments are __________.

the region where calcium ions bind

If you could not see the H zone in a photomicrograph of a sarcomere in skeletal muscle, ______.

the sarcomere is fully contracted

An example of proprioception is

the sensation you feel during a wake-up stretch.

A cerebrovascular accident patient who is unable to recognize faces and objects but can still visually perceive spatial arrangement of objects most likely has damage to

the temporal lobe.

The best site to listen to lung sounds is

the triangle of auscultation.

If an intramuscular gluteal injection is not situated properly, all of the following structures could be damaged except -the sciatic nerve. -the vastus lateralis. -the gluteal nerves. -gluteal blood vessels.

the vastus lateralis.

The type of axon that conducts impulses most slowly is

thin, unmyelinated.

To what depth must an injection of anesthetic be inserted to numb the spinal cord and thus relieve pain caudal to that area?

to the depth of the epidural space Anesthetics are injected at this depth to relieve pain inferior to the site of injection. For example, during labor, mothers will have an "epidural" to relieve the pain.

Which answer choice correctly identifies functions of the hypoglossal nerve?

tongue movements during speech and swallowing

Which of the following grooves separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

transverse cerebral fissure

What is name given to the regularly spaced infoldings of the sarcolemma?

transverse or T tubules T tubules penetrate a skeletal muscle fiber and provide a pathway for excitation into the interior.

Which muscles form the boundary of the triangle of auscultation?

trapezius and latissimus dorsi Trapezius forms the medial boundary, latissimus dorsi forms the inferior boundary, and the medial edge of the scapula forms the lateral boundary of the triangle of auscultation.

The complex of a T tubule flanked by two terminal cisternae at each A-I junction is called a __________.

triad

Branches of the__________cranial nerve are desensitized when a dentist gives a shot of Novocain which prevents pain impulse transmission from the teeth and gums.

trigeminal

Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine to prevent additional __________.

twitches

Neural plasticity may occur when __________.

undamaged neurons in the brain sprout new cytoplasmic branches after a stroke that partially restores lost functions

The__________nerve is the only cranial nerve to innervate structures of the thoracic cavity and abdomen.

vagus

The only cranial nerve that travels into the abdomen is the

vagus.

To avoid damaging important structures in the lower limbs of infants, intramuscular injections are administered into the

vastus lateralis.

Disorders of balance may follow trauma to which nerve?

vestibulocochlear

The__________nerve transmits afferent impulses for the special senses of hearing and balance.

vestibulocochlear

Which of the cranial nerves listed below is a special somatic sensory nerve?

vestibulocochlear

What is the term that collectively refers to both smooth and cardiac muscle?

visceral

In a rare accident, both temporal lobes have been significantly injured. As you render care, you are least worried about which of the following?

visceral agnosia The visceral sensory cortex is located deep in the insula, medial to the temporal lobes.

Interoceptors are sensitive to stimuli arising from __________.

visceral organs

Which conditions can cause peripheral neuropathy?

vitamin B deficiency and diabetes

A "motor homunculus" can be visualized as an overlay on the precentral gyrus. The reason why the facial region of this homunculus covers such a large surface area is because

we have very expressive faces.

In the neck, the hyoid bone can be felt

where the anterior surface of the neck changes from a vertical orientation to an almost horizontal orientation.

Which muscle is used to smile?

zygomaticus (major and minor) The zygomaticus muscles elevate the lateral corners of the mouth to produce smiling.