Ch. 10 Emotional Development

early childhood

self-conscious emotion: pride, shame, and guilt

infants

show a strong interest in the social world and are motivated to understand it. infants orient to the social world early in their development.

securely attached adolescents

show more competent behavior than their insecurely attached counterparts, with the most consistent outcomes involving positive peer relations and emotional regulation.

secure attached adult

show more positive views of relationships [atterm than insecurely attached adults. find it easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned or stressed out about their romantic relationships.

newly developed self-produced locomotion skills

significantly expand the infants ability to initiate social interchanges and explore its social world more independently.

2-6 month

social smiling increases in self-initiated smiles and in smiles in response to others' smile

two fears that infants develop

stranger anxiety and separation from a caregiver(which is reflected in separation protest)

Emotional regulation and coping (Mary Ainsworth/John Bowlby)

stress that quick response to infant crying helps strong bond between infant and caregiver, resulting in infant crying less later in first year of life

other critics

stress that they have not adequately taken into account the diversity of social agents and contexts.

Bowlby's ethological theory

stresses that the caregiver and the infant are biologically predisposed to form an attachment.

avoidant and anxious attached adults

tends to be more depressed and have more relationship problems than securely attached adults.

crying

the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their world.

fear of being separated from their caregivers.

the result is separation protest.

cris and smiles

two emotional expressions that infants display when interactting with parents.

emotion-dismissing parents

view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions. is linked with children's poor emotional regulation.

securely attached babies Babies

who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment. caregivers of secure babies are sensitive to the babies signals and are consistently available to meet their needs.

Middle/Late childhood (Coping with stress)

• Reassure children of safety and security • Allow children to retell events and be patient in listening to them • Encourage children to talk about any disturbing or confusing feelings • Help children make sense of what happened • Protect children from re-exposure to frightening situations and reminders of trauma

Middle/Late childhood (Developmental changes in emotion)

1. Improved emotion understanding 2. Improvement in ability to conceal negative emotional reactions. 3. Use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings 4. Increased tendency to take fuller account the events leading emotional reactions 5. Development of capacity for genuine empathy

Emotion

A feeling of affect that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being.

Primary emotions

Emotions that are present in humans and other, culturally universial appears in first six months. Surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, emotions

Stranger anxiety

Infant shows fear of strangers (emerges gradually, intensifying from 6 months to 1st year). when infants feel secure, they are less likely to show stranger anxiety.

Temperament (Kagan's behavioral inhibition)

Inhibition to the unfamiliar is an important temperament category Inhibition to the unfamiliar: shyness with strangers Children react at 7-9 months with initial avoidance, distress, or subdued affect

Social smile

Occurs in response to caregiver' voice, occurs as early as 4 to 6 weeks of age after birth.

Self-conscious emotions

Require self-awareness that involves consciousness and sense of "me". includes jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt. occurs after 18 months of age when a sense of self become consolidated in toddlers.Debate about the onset of an emotion such as jealousy illustrates the complexity and difficulty of indexing early emotion.

Basic cry

Rhythmic pattern that consists of a cry followed by brief silence and a shorter inspiratory whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry, then another brief rest before the next cry. Hunger is conditions that incite basic cry

Reflexive smile

Smile that doesn't occur in response to external stimuli and appears during first month after birth, usually during sleep

Socioemotional selectivity theory

States that older adults become more selective about their social networks, putting high value on emotional satisfaction by spending more time with familiar individuals with whom they have rewarding relationships

attachment

a close emotional bond between two people

in middle and late childhood

a growing awareness about controlling and managing emotions to meet social standards. show enhanced emotional understanding, markedly improved their ability to suppress or conceal negative emotions, use self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings, have an increased tendency to take into fuller account the events that lead to emotional relations, and develop a genuine capacity for empathy.

emotional regulation

a key aspect of competent socioemotional development in childhood.

Pain Cry

a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding, no preliminary moaning is present. the pain cry is stimulated by a high-intensity stimulus.

Debate

about the onset of an emotion such as jealousy illustrates the complexity and difficulty of indexing early emotion.

Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory

an important theory regarding developmental changes in emotion during adulthood, especially late adulthood.

negative emotions

anxiety, anger, guilt, and sadness.

physiological characteristics

are associated with different temperaments, and a moderate influence of heredity has been found in studies of the heritability of temperament.

emotions

are influenced both by biological foundations and by a person's experience.

three adult attachments style

are insecure attachment, avoidant attachment, and anxious attachment

very active young children

are likely to become outgoing adults.

attachment styles in early adulthood

are linked with a number of relationship patterns and developmental outcomes.

some critics

argue that attachment theorists have not given adequate attention to genetics and temperament.

Emotional regulation and coping (John Watson )

argued parents spend too much time responding to infant crying and as consequence, increases this incidence

insecure resistant babies

babies who might cling to caregiver then resist her by fighting against closeness,might kick or push away. insecure resistant babies Babies who might cling to the caregiver, then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

insecure avoidant babies

babies who show insecurity by avoiding mother. caregivers of avoidant babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting. insecure avoidant babies Babies who show insecurity by avoiding the mother.

insecure disorganized babies

babies who show insecurity by being disorganizes and disoriented. inconsistently available to their babies and usually are not very affectionate. insecure disorganized babies Babies who show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented.

Securely attached babies

babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment

dating, or thinking about dating,

becomes an important aspect of many adolescents' lies.

face to face play with a caregiver

begins to occur at about 2 to 3 months of age.

older adults

better at controlling their emotions than younger adults are experience more positive and less negative emotions than younger adults do.

culture

cam exert a powerful influence on dating

the collapse of a close relationship

can be traumatic but for some individuals it results in increased self-confidence, relational wisdom and being better off emotionally.

with increasing age,

children are more likely to increase their use of cognitive strategies for regulating emotion., modulate their emotional arousal, become more adept at managing situations to minimize negative emotion, and choose effective ways to cope with stress.

children

children inherit a physiology that biases them to have a particular type of temperament, but through experience they learn to modify their temperament style to some degree.

2-4 years of age

children use an increasing number of terms to describe emotion and learn more about the causes and consequences of feelings.

Joseph Campose and Jerome Kagan

conclude that the structural immaturity for the infant brain makes it unlikely that emotions requiring though-such as guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and jealousy, can be experienced during the first year.

emotional regulation

consists of effectively managing arousal to adapt and reach a goal.

securely attachment

continue to be important in childhood years. secure attachment to parents in middle and late childhood is linked with lower levels of internalized symptoms, anxiety, anddepression

Ainsworth

created the strange Situation, an observational measure of attachment. Ainsworth's observational measure of infant attachment to a caregiver that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order.

smile

critical as a means of developing a new social skill and is a key social signal

separation protest

crying when the caregiver leaves. appears 7 to 8 month and peaks at about 15 month, just before the middle of the second year of life.

the link between childhood temperament and adult personality

depends in part on context, which helps shape the reaction to a child and thus the child's experiences. for example, the reaction to a child's temperament depends in part on the child's culture.

Infancy Emotions: Lewis

distinguishes between primary emotions and self-conscious emotions.

6-12 month

duchenne marker(eye constriction) and mouth opening occur in the midst highly enjoyable interactions and play with parents.

knowledge-related and emotion-related goals change across the life span

emotion-related goals become more important when individuals get older.

in infancy

emotions have important roles 1. communication with others 2. behavioral organization

biological evolution

endowed humans to be emotional

positive emotions

enthusiasm, joy, and love

whether babies should be soothed when they cry

experts recommend immediately responding in a caring way in the first year.

for most individuals

falling out of love is painful and emotionally intense.

fears

first appears at about 6 month and peaks at about 18 months

becoming emotionally competent(carloyne saarni)

focuses on the adaptive nature of emotional experience. involves developing a number of skills such as being aware of one's emotional states, discerning others' emotions, adaptively coping with negative emotions, and understanding the role of emotions in relationships.

emotion-coaching parents, emotion-dismissing approach

have children who engage in more effective self-regulation of their emotions than do emotion-dismissing parents. interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents. more soothing their children when they get upset, are more effective in regulating their negative affect, focus their attention better and have fewer behavior problems than the children of emotion-dismissing parents.

older adults

have fewer attachement relationships than younger audlts, and attachment anxiety decreases in older adults.

avoidant attached adult

hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and, once in a relationship, tend to distance themselves from their partner.

social referencing increases

in the second year of life. "Reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a specific situation.

4-5 years of age

increased ability to reflect on emotions and understand that a single event can elicit different emotions in different people and understand that a single event can elicit different emotions in different people.

Temperament

individual behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding (how quickly emotion is shown/how strong/how long it lasts/fade away)

perceiving people as engaging in international and goal directed behavior

is an important social cognitive accomplishment that occurs toward the end of the first year.

early dating

is associated with developmental problems.

the mother's primary role when interacting with the infant

is cargiving

a difficult temperament

is linked with adjustment problems in early adulthood.

the ability to control one's emotions

key dimension of development.

triangular theory of love Sternberg's theory

love includes three components or dimensions—passion, intimacy, and commitment.

early adolescence

moodiness is a normal aspect. hormonal influences are often small and environmental experiences may contribute more to emotions of adolescents than hormonal changes do.

Anger Cry

more excess air forced through vocal cords, loud, harsh sound to it. almost like shouting.

Ainsworth

notes that secure attachment in the first year of life provides an important foundation for psychological development later in life. the strength of the link between early attachment and later development has varied somewhat across studies.

the father's is

playful interaction.

culture and relationships with others

provide diversity in emotional experiences. east asian infants display less frequent and less positive and negative emotions than non-latino white infants.

Goodness of fit

refers to match between child's temperament and environmental demands child must cope with an important aspect of a child's adjustment. 1. caregivers should be sensitive to individual characteristics of the child 2. be flexible in responding to these characteristics 3. avoid negative labeling of the child

in infancy and early childhood

regulation of emotion gradually shifts from external sources to self-initiated, internal sources.

Temperament (Chess and Thomas)

Easy child: Positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy and adapts easily to new experiences (40%) Difficult child: Reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change (10%) Slow-to-warm-up child: Low activity level, somewhat negative and displays low intensity of mood (15%) 35% of children don't fit the categories

Temperament (Rothbart and Bate)

Extraversion/surgency: Includes "positive anticipation, impulsivity, activity level, and sensation seeking Negative affectivity: Includes "fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort" Children easily distressed and may fret/cry often Effortful control: Includes "attentional focusing and shifting inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low intensity pleasure"

affectionate love

Also called companionate love, this type of love occurs when individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person. is important in later-life love relationships.

romantic love

Also called passionate love, or eros, this type of love has strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and it often predominates in the early part of a love relationship.tends to be more important in early adulthood

anxious attachment style

An attachment style that describes adults who demand closeness, are less trusting, and are more emotional, jealous, and possessive.