Ch. 10 Emotional Development
early childhood
self-conscious emotion: pride, shame, and guilt
infants
show a strong interest in the social world and are motivated to understand it. infants orient to the social world early in their development.
securely attached adolescents
show more competent behavior than their insecurely attached counterparts, with the most consistent outcomes involving positive peer relations and emotional regulation.
secure attached adult
show more positive views of relationships [atterm than insecurely attached adults. find it easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned or stressed out about their romantic relationships.
newly developed self-produced locomotion skills
significantly expand the infants ability to initiate social interchanges and explore its social world more independently.
2-6 month
social smiling increases in self-initiated smiles and in smiles in response to others' smile
two fears that infants develop
stranger anxiety and separation from a caregiver(which is reflected in separation protest)
Emotional regulation and coping (Mary Ainsworth/John Bowlby)
stress that quick response to infant crying helps strong bond between infant and caregiver, resulting in infant crying less later in first year of life
other critics
stress that they have not adequately taken into account the diversity of social agents and contexts.
Bowlby's ethological theory
stresses that the caregiver and the infant are biologically predisposed to form an attachment.
avoidant and anxious attached adults
tends to be more depressed and have more relationship problems than securely attached adults.
crying
the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their world.
fear of being separated from their caregivers.
the result is separation protest.
cris and smiles
two emotional expressions that infants display when interactting with parents.
emotion-dismissing parents
view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions. is linked with children's poor emotional regulation.
securely attached babies Babies
who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment. caregivers of secure babies are sensitive to the babies signals and are consistently available to meet their needs.
Middle/Late childhood (Coping with stress)
• Reassure children of safety and security • Allow children to retell events and be patient in listening to them • Encourage children to talk about any disturbing or confusing feelings • Help children make sense of what happened • Protect children from re-exposure to frightening situations and reminders of trauma
Middle/Late childhood (Developmental changes in emotion)
1. Improved emotion understanding 2. Improvement in ability to conceal negative emotional reactions. 3. Use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings 4. Increased tendency to take fuller account the events leading emotional reactions 5. Development of capacity for genuine empathy
Emotion
A feeling of affect that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being.
Primary emotions
Emotions that are present in humans and other, culturally universial appears in first six months. Surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, emotions
Stranger anxiety
Infant shows fear of strangers (emerges gradually, intensifying from 6 months to 1st year). when infants feel secure, they are less likely to show stranger anxiety.
Temperament (Kagan's behavioral inhibition)
Inhibition to the unfamiliar is an important temperament category Inhibition to the unfamiliar: shyness with strangers Children react at 7-9 months with initial avoidance, distress, or subdued affect
Social smile
Occurs in response to caregiver' voice, occurs as early as 4 to 6 weeks of age after birth.
Self-conscious emotions
Require self-awareness that involves consciousness and sense of "me". includes jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt. occurs after 18 months of age when a sense of self become consolidated in toddlers.Debate about the onset of an emotion such as jealousy illustrates the complexity and difficulty of indexing early emotion.
Basic cry
Rhythmic pattern that consists of a cry followed by brief silence and a shorter inspiratory whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry, then another brief rest before the next cry. Hunger is conditions that incite basic cry
Reflexive smile
Smile that doesn't occur in response to external stimuli and appears during first month after birth, usually during sleep
Socioemotional selectivity theory
States that older adults become more selective about their social networks, putting high value on emotional satisfaction by spending more time with familiar individuals with whom they have rewarding relationships
attachment
a close emotional bond between two people
in middle and late childhood
a growing awareness about controlling and managing emotions to meet social standards. show enhanced emotional understanding, markedly improved their ability to suppress or conceal negative emotions, use self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings, have an increased tendency to take into fuller account the events that lead to emotional relations, and develop a genuine capacity for empathy.
emotional regulation
a key aspect of competent socioemotional development in childhood.
Pain Cry
a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding, no preliminary moaning is present. the pain cry is stimulated by a high-intensity stimulus.
Debate
about the onset of an emotion such as jealousy illustrates the complexity and difficulty of indexing early emotion.
Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory
an important theory regarding developmental changes in emotion during adulthood, especially late adulthood.
negative emotions
anxiety, anger, guilt, and sadness.
physiological characteristics
are associated with different temperaments, and a moderate influence of heredity has been found in studies of the heritability of temperament.
emotions
are influenced both by biological foundations and by a person's experience.
three adult attachments style
are insecure attachment, avoidant attachment, and anxious attachment
very active young children
are likely to become outgoing adults.
attachment styles in early adulthood
are linked with a number of relationship patterns and developmental outcomes.
some critics
argue that attachment theorists have not given adequate attention to genetics and temperament.
Emotional regulation and coping (John Watson )
argued parents spend too much time responding to infant crying and as consequence, increases this incidence
insecure resistant babies
babies who might cling to caregiver then resist her by fighting against closeness,might kick or push away. insecure resistant babies Babies who might cling to the caregiver, then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.
insecure avoidant babies
babies who show insecurity by avoiding mother. caregivers of avoidant babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting. insecure avoidant babies Babies who show insecurity by avoiding the mother.
insecure disorganized babies
babies who show insecurity by being disorganizes and disoriented. inconsistently available to their babies and usually are not very affectionate. insecure disorganized babies Babies who show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented.
Securely attached babies
babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment
dating, or thinking about dating,
becomes an important aspect of many adolescents' lies.
face to face play with a caregiver
begins to occur at about 2 to 3 months of age.
older adults
better at controlling their emotions than younger adults are experience more positive and less negative emotions than younger adults do.
culture
cam exert a powerful influence on dating
the collapse of a close relationship
can be traumatic but for some individuals it results in increased self-confidence, relational wisdom and being better off emotionally.
with increasing age,
children are more likely to increase their use of cognitive strategies for regulating emotion., modulate their emotional arousal, become more adept at managing situations to minimize negative emotion, and choose effective ways to cope with stress.
children
children inherit a physiology that biases them to have a particular type of temperament, but through experience they learn to modify their temperament style to some degree.
2-4 years of age
children use an increasing number of terms to describe emotion and learn more about the causes and consequences of feelings.
Joseph Campose and Jerome Kagan
conclude that the structural immaturity for the infant brain makes it unlikely that emotions requiring though-such as guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and jealousy, can be experienced during the first year.
emotional regulation
consists of effectively managing arousal to adapt and reach a goal.
securely attachment
continue to be important in childhood years. secure attachment to parents in middle and late childhood is linked with lower levels of internalized symptoms, anxiety, anddepression
Ainsworth
created the strange Situation, an observational measure of attachment. Ainsworth's observational measure of infant attachment to a caregiver that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order.
smile
critical as a means of developing a new social skill and is a key social signal
separation protest
crying when the caregiver leaves. appears 7 to 8 month and peaks at about 15 month, just before the middle of the second year of life.
the link between childhood temperament and adult personality
depends in part on context, which helps shape the reaction to a child and thus the child's experiences. for example, the reaction to a child's temperament depends in part on the child's culture.
Infancy Emotions: Lewis
distinguishes between primary emotions and self-conscious emotions.
6-12 month
duchenne marker(eye constriction) and mouth opening occur in the midst highly enjoyable interactions and play with parents.
knowledge-related and emotion-related goals change across the life span
emotion-related goals become more important when individuals get older.
in infancy
emotions have important roles 1. communication with others 2. behavioral organization
biological evolution
endowed humans to be emotional
positive emotions
enthusiasm, joy, and love
whether babies should be soothed when they cry
experts recommend immediately responding in a caring way in the first year.
for most individuals
falling out of love is painful and emotionally intense.
fears
first appears at about 6 month and peaks at about 18 months
becoming emotionally competent(carloyne saarni)
focuses on the adaptive nature of emotional experience. involves developing a number of skills such as being aware of one's emotional states, discerning others' emotions, adaptively coping with negative emotions, and understanding the role of emotions in relationships.
emotion-coaching parents, emotion-dismissing approach
have children who engage in more effective self-regulation of their emotions than do emotion-dismissing parents. interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents. more soothing their children when they get upset, are more effective in regulating their negative affect, focus their attention better and have fewer behavior problems than the children of emotion-dismissing parents.
older adults
have fewer attachement relationships than younger audlts, and attachment anxiety decreases in older adults.
avoidant attached adult
hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and, once in a relationship, tend to distance themselves from their partner.
social referencing increases
in the second year of life. "Reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a specific situation.
4-5 years of age
increased ability to reflect on emotions and understand that a single event can elicit different emotions in different people and understand that a single event can elicit different emotions in different people.
Temperament
individual behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding (how quickly emotion is shown/how strong/how long it lasts/fade away)
perceiving people as engaging in international and goal directed behavior
is an important social cognitive accomplishment that occurs toward the end of the first year.
early dating
is associated with developmental problems.
the mother's primary role when interacting with the infant
is cargiving
a difficult temperament
is linked with adjustment problems in early adulthood.
the ability to control one's emotions
key dimension of development.
triangular theory of love Sternberg's theory
love includes three components or dimensions—passion, intimacy, and commitment.
early adolescence
moodiness is a normal aspect. hormonal influences are often small and environmental experiences may contribute more to emotions of adolescents than hormonal changes do.
Anger Cry
more excess air forced through vocal cords, loud, harsh sound to it. almost like shouting.
Ainsworth
notes that secure attachment in the first year of life provides an important foundation for psychological development later in life. the strength of the link between early attachment and later development has varied somewhat across studies.
the father's is
playful interaction.
culture and relationships with others
provide diversity in emotional experiences. east asian infants display less frequent and less positive and negative emotions than non-latino white infants.
Goodness of fit
refers to match between child's temperament and environmental demands child must cope with an important aspect of a child's adjustment. 1. caregivers should be sensitive to individual characteristics of the child 2. be flexible in responding to these characteristics 3. avoid negative labeling of the child
in infancy and early childhood
regulation of emotion gradually shifts from external sources to self-initiated, internal sources.
Temperament (Chess and Thomas)
Easy child: Positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy and adapts easily to new experiences (40%) Difficult child: Reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change (10%) Slow-to-warm-up child: Low activity level, somewhat negative and displays low intensity of mood (15%) 35% of children don't fit the categories
Temperament (Rothbart and Bate)
Extraversion/surgency: Includes "positive anticipation, impulsivity, activity level, and sensation seeking Negative affectivity: Includes "fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort" Children easily distressed and may fret/cry often Effortful control: Includes "attentional focusing and shifting inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low intensity pleasure"
affectionate love
Also called companionate love, this type of love occurs when individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person. is important in later-life love relationships.
romantic love
Also called passionate love, or eros, this type of love has strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and it often predominates in the early part of a love relationship.tends to be more important in early adulthood
anxious attachment style
An attachment style that describes adults who demand closeness, are less trusting, and are more emotional, jealous, and possessive.