Ch. 10 Motivating Employees

examples of extrinsic rewards

- promotions - pay raises - recognition and praise

How can small businesses motivate their workers w/out increasing costs?

- public recognition - stock options

Job-related factors that motivate workers to achieve full potential, according to Herzberg

- sense of achievement - recognition

Basic tools used in scientific management

- stopwatch - observation

What were two reasons employees gave as reasons for increased motivation during the Hawthorne studies?

- employee involvement - group membership

Equity Theory

employees look for fairness in the workplace as compared to others before deciding to perform

Baby Boomer

- 1946 -1964 - grew up in prosperity - one parent working - values job security

Generation X

- 1965 - 1980 - grew up w/ both parents working - seeks work-life balance - values career security

Generation Y (Millenial)

- 1980 - 1995 - grew up with indulgent parents - technologically savvy - values frequent positive feedback

Job enrichment theory is based on the higher level motivators of which theorists?

- Abraham Maslow - Frederick Herzberg

According to Vroom's Expectancy Theory, what do employees ask before committing maximum effort to a task?

- Can I accomplish the task? - If I accomplish the task, what is the reward? - Is the reward worth the effort?

Assumptions of Theory X management

- avg person dislikes work and will avoid if possible - workers must be forced, controlled, directed, and threatened w/ punishment to get them to put in effort - avg worker prefers to be directed, avoid responsibility, not ambitious, wants security - primary motivators: fear, punishment

Goals of scientific management

- benefit worker - benefit firm - increase worker productivity

Nadler and Lawler's modifications to Expectancy Theory

- determining what rewards employees value - ensuring that performance standards are attainable

What must a manager do when using MBO

- develop commitment to goals - formulate goals cooperatively w/ employees

Ouchi's Type A Management

- explicit controls - individual responsibility - rapid promotion

low-context culture

- focuses on the task - views relationship-building as a waste of time

According to Herzberg, hygiene factors would include:

- friendly co-workers - well equipped lunch rooms

Costs directly associated with recruiting and training a new employee

- hiring costs - lowered productivity - paying for trainers

Ouchi's Type J Management

- implicit controls - consensual decision making

Methods of job enrichment

- job rotation - job enlargement

What did Herzberg conclude as the best way to motivate workers?

- make their jobs interesting - recognize their achievements through advancement

What is the purpose of MBO?

- monitor results of implementing goals - reward accomplishment of organization goals - engage all levels of organization in goal-setting and implementation

coaching

- teaching - guiding - recommending

Elements of Scientific Management

- time - methods - rules of work

Factors that contributed to increased worker productivity during the Hawthorne studies

- worker involvement in managerial decisions - management respect and interaction - social group membership and informality

What is a motivated worker like?

- works w/ passion - feels connected to their company

5 Key Elements of Job Enrichment

1. skill variety 2. task identity 3. task significance 4. autonomy 5. feedback

Generation Z

1995 - 2009

Which theory of motivation is the basis for MBO?

Drucker's Goal-Setting Theory

What movement did the Hawthorne studies give birth to and how?

Human-based management movement since it identified that workers' feelings and attitudes affect their work

Steps management must follow in order for empowerment to be a real motivator

Let workers: - define organizational problems - design solutions - implement solutions

In the 1960s, Peter Drucker designed a method of management that includes employees in goal setting, known as which of the following?

Management by Objectives

Which type of management became the dominant strategy for improving productivity in the early 1900s?

Taylor's scientific management

motivators

according to Herzberg, job factors that cause employees to be productive and give them satisfaction

Feedback

amount of direct and clear information gi en about job performance

How is scientific management demonstrated in a service environment?

by breaking down the steps needed to perform the service, then timing the person delivering it to determine if motion economy can be improved

job enlargement

combining tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment; designing a more challenging job that has more motivating characteristics

Autonomy

degree of freedom or discretion n scheduling work or determining procedures

Task Significance

degree to which job has substantial impact on lives or work of others in company

Task Identity

degree to which job requires doing task from beginning to end

What is a major reason for changing jobs?

desire for more responsibilities

Steps in a MBO system

discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives

When did studies of management principles finally have any lasting implications?

early 20th century

Example of negative reinforcement

employee working extra hours so he won't be fired

Key to understanding Expectancy Theory

expectations vary from person to person

Skill Variety

extent to which job demands different skills

physiological

food, shelter, clothing

Key to successful employee empowerment

free-flowing communication and information throughout organization

empowerment

giving employees authority to make decisions and tools to implement them

social

group acceptance at work

Why did Peter Drucker develop MBO?

he recognized that: - workers need to motivate themselves - managers can only thwart employee motivation, not motivate an employee

Ouchi's Theory Z

hybrid of American and Japanese management practices: - long term employment - holistic concern for employees - collective decision making

According to Herzberg, what is clear company policy and administration at work considered?

hygiene factors

What is the principle of scientific management?

idea that all jobs can be broken down into elemental steps that can be made more efficient

extinction (in context of reinforcement theory)

ignoring unwanted behaviors to stop them

Vroom's Expectancy Theory

individual will not put forth effort w/out first evaluating their ability to perform the task and the value they place on the reward

hygiene factors

job factors that cause dissatisfaction when absent but don't motivate when present

Which element do Maslow and Herzberg disagree on as being a true motivator?

job safety

safety

job security

What was the time period of Herzberg's study?

mid-1960s

Basis of Victor Vroom's Expectancy Theory

motivation and effort is affected by expectations of achieving a desirable outcome

What did Herzberg study?

motivation and job-related factors

Hawthorne studies vs. Scientific Management

motivation vs. motion

job enrichment

motivational strategy that focuses on motivating workers through the design of the job itself

job rotation

moving workers from one task to the next to make work more interesting and motivating

Maslow's Theory states that once needs are met, they...

no longer motivate

Which element in the work environment was found to be dissatisfying when not present but not necessarily motivating when present?

pay and job security

Reinforcement Theory

people are motivated to: - receive rewards and avoid punishment - increase desired behaviors to avoid punishment

intrinsic reward

personal satisfaction felt when perform well and complete goals

esteem

recognition from the boss

Example of positive reinforcement

recognizing an employee's achievement of a goal w/ a pay raise

What do workers feel creates enthusiasm for job content?

sense of achievement

Drucker's Goal-Setting Theory

setting ambitious but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if accepted and accompanied by feedback and facilitated by organizational conditions

(Frederick Taylor) time-motion study

studies the tasks performed in a job and the time needed for each

(Frederick Taylor) Principles of Scientific Management

studying workers... - viewed people are machines that needed to be programmed

Hawthorne Effect

tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being watched/studied

Unlike scientific management, what did the Hawthorne studies find?

that human relations have a great impact on employee productivity

While workers in the U.S. are more task oriented and require information to do their jobs, workers from Korea are more motivated by strong relationships and developing what to do the same job?

trust

Gantt Chart

used by managers to plot work and productivity of employees

What were the initial results of the Hawthorne studies?

worker productivity increase regardless of lighting levels

Assumptions of Theory Y management

- most people like work; it is natural - most people naturally work toward goals to which they are committed - depth of commitment to goals depends on perceived rewards for achieving them - under certain conditions people both accept AND seek responsibility - people are capable of using a relatively high degree of imagination, creativity, and cleverness to solve problems - intellectual potential is only partially recognized - people are motivated by a variety of rewards--especially those unique to them