Ch. 10 Motivating Employees
examples of extrinsic rewards
- promotions - pay raises - recognition and praise
How can small businesses motivate their workers w/out increasing costs?
- public recognition - stock options
Job-related factors that motivate workers to achieve full potential, according to Herzberg
- sense of achievement - recognition
Basic tools used in scientific management
- stopwatch - observation
What were two reasons employees gave as reasons for increased motivation during the Hawthorne studies?
- employee involvement - group membership
Equity Theory
employees look for fairness in the workplace as compared to others before deciding to perform
Baby Boomer
- 1946 -1964 - grew up in prosperity - one parent working - values job security
Generation X
- 1965 - 1980 - grew up w/ both parents working - seeks work-life balance - values career security
Generation Y (Millenial)
- 1980 - 1995 - grew up with indulgent parents - technologically savvy - values frequent positive feedback
Job enrichment theory is based on the higher level motivators of which theorists?
- Abraham Maslow - Frederick Herzberg
According to Vroom's Expectancy Theory, what do employees ask before committing maximum effort to a task?
- Can I accomplish the task? - If I accomplish the task, what is the reward? - Is the reward worth the effort?
Assumptions of Theory X management
- avg person dislikes work and will avoid if possible - workers must be forced, controlled, directed, and threatened w/ punishment to get them to put in effort - avg worker prefers to be directed, avoid responsibility, not ambitious, wants security - primary motivators: fear, punishment
Goals of scientific management
- benefit worker - benefit firm - increase worker productivity
Nadler and Lawler's modifications to Expectancy Theory
- determining what rewards employees value - ensuring that performance standards are attainable
What must a manager do when using MBO
- develop commitment to goals - formulate goals cooperatively w/ employees
Ouchi's Type A Management
- explicit controls - individual responsibility - rapid promotion
low-context culture
- focuses on the task - views relationship-building as a waste of time
According to Herzberg, hygiene factors would include:
- friendly co-workers - well equipped lunch rooms
Costs directly associated with recruiting and training a new employee
- hiring costs - lowered productivity - paying for trainers
Ouchi's Type J Management
- implicit controls - consensual decision making
Methods of job enrichment
- job rotation - job enlargement
What did Herzberg conclude as the best way to motivate workers?
- make their jobs interesting - recognize their achievements through advancement
What is the purpose of MBO?
- monitor results of implementing goals - reward accomplishment of organization goals - engage all levels of organization in goal-setting and implementation
coaching
- teaching - guiding - recommending
Elements of Scientific Management
- time - methods - rules of work
Factors that contributed to increased worker productivity during the Hawthorne studies
- worker involvement in managerial decisions - management respect and interaction - social group membership and informality
What is a motivated worker like?
- works w/ passion - feels connected to their company
5 Key Elements of Job Enrichment
1. skill variety 2. task identity 3. task significance 4. autonomy 5. feedback
Generation Z
1995 - 2009
Which theory of motivation is the basis for MBO?
Drucker's Goal-Setting Theory
What movement did the Hawthorne studies give birth to and how?
Human-based management movement since it identified that workers' feelings and attitudes affect their work
Steps management must follow in order for empowerment to be a real motivator
Let workers: - define organizational problems - design solutions - implement solutions
In the 1960s, Peter Drucker designed a method of management that includes employees in goal setting, known as which of the following?
Management by Objectives
Which type of management became the dominant strategy for improving productivity in the early 1900s?
Taylor's scientific management
motivators
according to Herzberg, job factors that cause employees to be productive and give them satisfaction
Feedback
amount of direct and clear information gi en about job performance
How is scientific management demonstrated in a service environment?
by breaking down the steps needed to perform the service, then timing the person delivering it to determine if motion economy can be improved
job enlargement
combining tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment; designing a more challenging job that has more motivating characteristics
Autonomy
degree of freedom or discretion n scheduling work or determining procedures
Task Significance
degree to which job has substantial impact on lives or work of others in company
Task Identity
degree to which job requires doing task from beginning to end
What is a major reason for changing jobs?
desire for more responsibilities
Steps in a MBO system
discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives
When did studies of management principles finally have any lasting implications?
early 20th century
Example of negative reinforcement
employee working extra hours so he won't be fired
Key to understanding Expectancy Theory
expectations vary from person to person
Skill Variety
extent to which job demands different skills
physiological
food, shelter, clothing
Key to successful employee empowerment
free-flowing communication and information throughout organization
empowerment
giving employees authority to make decisions and tools to implement them
social
group acceptance at work
Why did Peter Drucker develop MBO?
he recognized that: - workers need to motivate themselves - managers can only thwart employee motivation, not motivate an employee
Ouchi's Theory Z
hybrid of American and Japanese management practices: - long term employment - holistic concern for employees - collective decision making
According to Herzberg, what is clear company policy and administration at work considered?
hygiene factors
What is the principle of scientific management?
idea that all jobs can be broken down into elemental steps that can be made more efficient
extinction (in context of reinforcement theory)
ignoring unwanted behaviors to stop them
Vroom's Expectancy Theory
individual will not put forth effort w/out first evaluating their ability to perform the task and the value they place on the reward
hygiene factors
job factors that cause dissatisfaction when absent but don't motivate when present
Which element do Maslow and Herzberg disagree on as being a true motivator?
job safety
safety
job security
What was the time period of Herzberg's study?
mid-1960s
Basis of Victor Vroom's Expectancy Theory
motivation and effort is affected by expectations of achieving a desirable outcome
What did Herzberg study?
motivation and job-related factors
Hawthorne studies vs. Scientific Management
motivation vs. motion
job enrichment
motivational strategy that focuses on motivating workers through the design of the job itself
job rotation
moving workers from one task to the next to make work more interesting and motivating
Maslow's Theory states that once needs are met, they...
no longer motivate
Which element in the work environment was found to be dissatisfying when not present but not necessarily motivating when present?
pay and job security
Reinforcement Theory
people are motivated to: - receive rewards and avoid punishment - increase desired behaviors to avoid punishment
intrinsic reward
personal satisfaction felt when perform well and complete goals
esteem
recognition from the boss
Example of positive reinforcement
recognizing an employee's achievement of a goal w/ a pay raise
What do workers feel creates enthusiasm for job content?
sense of achievement
Drucker's Goal-Setting Theory
setting ambitious but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if accepted and accompanied by feedback and facilitated by organizational conditions
(Frederick Taylor) time-motion study
studies the tasks performed in a job and the time needed for each
(Frederick Taylor) Principles of Scientific Management
studying workers... - viewed people are machines that needed to be programmed
Hawthorne Effect
tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being watched/studied
Unlike scientific management, what did the Hawthorne studies find?
that human relations have a great impact on employee productivity
While workers in the U.S. are more task oriented and require information to do their jobs, workers from Korea are more motivated by strong relationships and developing what to do the same job?
trust
Gantt Chart
used by managers to plot work and productivity of employees
What were the initial results of the Hawthorne studies?
worker productivity increase regardless of lighting levels
Assumptions of Theory Y management
- most people like work; it is natural - most people naturally work toward goals to which they are committed - depth of commitment to goals depends on perceived rewards for achieving them - under certain conditions people both accept AND seek responsibility - people are capable of using a relatively high degree of imagination, creativity, and cleverness to solve problems - intellectual potential is only partially recognized - people are motivated by a variety of rewards--especially those unique to them