Ch 10

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember? Baseball America Apple pie Freedom

Freedom

Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature? The results of scanning experiments Depictive representations The tacit-knowledge explanation The distinction between propositional and spatial representations

The tacit-knowledge explanation

Mental-scanning experiments found a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image. an absence of mental scanning when processing a mental geometric image a constant scanning time for all locations on an image. that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does.

a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves _____ processing and imagery starts as a _____ process. bottom-up; bottom-up top-down; top-down bottom-up; top-down top-down; bottom-up

bottom-up; top-down

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT abstract symbols. an equation. a spatial layout. a statement.

a spatial layout.

To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at _____ visual centers. lower; higher higher; lower both lower and higher; higher higher; both lower and higher

higher; both lower and higher

"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT studying images was a way of studying thinking. images are one of the three basic elements of consciousness. imagery requires a special mechanism. thought is impossible without an image.

imagery requires a special mechanism.

In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that perception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms. it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images. imagery is more stable than perception. imagery occurs more automatically than perception.

it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images. imagery is more stable than perception.

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery. neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported. neglect involved both the left and right sides of the visual field, with an apparently "random" agnosia of different components of the fields. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex is an epiphenomenon. can be inferred using mental chronometry. supports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

"3x + 9 = 16" is a _____ representation. depictive spatial propositional descriptive

propositional

Imagery neurons are specific neurons that fire corresponding to certain images for both perceiving and imagining specific neurons that fire corresponding to certain images for perceiving, but not imagining specific neurons that fire corresponding to certain images not for perceiving, but for imagining a neural firing pattern rate that responds to faces

specific neurons that fire corresponding to certain images for both perceiving and imagining

Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ____, some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ____. using visual images; activated using visual images; deactivated perceiving stimuli; activated perceiving stimuli; deactivated

using visual images; deactivated

One of Sarah's friends asks her to describe her new house by asking her how many windows are on the front of it. After a minute, Sarah answers 12. She has most likely used _____ in answering the question. the visual search her visual icon visual imagery mental chronometry

visual imagery