Ch 11

About how much sun exposure is needed per day to ensure a full day's supply of vitamin D?

10 minutes

Adults absorb about _____ of the calcium in the foods eaten.

30%

What type of environment is necessary for calcium to be absorbed into the body?

Acidic

Which of the following are functions of calcium?

Blood clotting Muscle function Bone building

Where is 85% of the phosphorus in the body found?

Bone

Which type of calcium supplement do you need to take with meals for optimal absorption?

Calcium carbonate

Which of the following are characteristics of type 2 osteoporosis?

Demineralization of trabecular bone Affects both men and women Demineralization of cortical bone

Sunlight is the best source of vitamin D. However, if you cannot spend enough time in the sun to synthesize adequate vitamin D, which of the following is the best dietary strategy to obtain vitamin D?

Eat a serving of fatty fish twice per week.

True or false: A person who does not consume adequate calcium intakes, will have less calcium in the blood

False

True or false: Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, provide about 25% of the calcium in North American diets.

False

True or false: Phosphorus deficiency is a very serious and relatively common concern.

False

For a person who does not consume cow's milk, which of the following are useful sources of calcium?

Fortified breakfast cereals Salmon with bones Fortified soymilk

type 2 osteoporosis

Porous trabecular and cortical bone observed in men and women after the age of 60

______ is the vitamin D deficiency disease characterized by bowed legs, an enlarged head, deformities of the ribs and pelvis, and pain in the joints.

Rickets

Kyphosis is

an abnormal bending of the spine

cortical bone

dense bone tissue that provides strength and stability

Select the sources of fluoride.

fluoridated water seaweed tea

Exceeding the UL for ______ can lead to hip fractures, still joints, and stomach inflammation among adults.

fluoride

Which of the following foods provides the highest concentration of bioavailable calcium for a vegetarian?

fortified orange juice

What are good nondairy food sources of vitamin D?

fortified orange juice fortified breakfast cereals

When habitual intake of vitamin D exceeds the UL, health risks include

gastrointestinal distress. calcium deposits in organs.

Vitamin D is unique in that it has a site of synthesis that is different from the location of action, so it is considered to be a

hormone

A magnesium deficiency can cause

irregular heartbeat

trabecular bone

lattice-like bone tissue that acts to absorb shock

Large amounts of phytic acid found in fiber from grains, excess phosphorous, polyphenols in tea, and vitamin D deficiency all contribute to ______.

limiting calcium absorption

The DEXA technique uses ______ to measure bone mineral density.

low-level x-rays

Highly trained athletes are at risk for bone loss if

menstruation becomes irregular or ceases altogether.

Hip fractures are particularly devastating because they often result in

mortality. disability. loss of independence.

Much of the calcium in many leafy green vegetables, notably spinach, is not absorbed because of the presence of ______ acid.

oxalic

Common sites for osteoporotic fractures include

pelvis. wrist. spine.

type 1 osteoporosis

porous trabecular bone characterized by rapid bone demineralization following menopause

Calcium requires an acidic environment in the GI tract to be absorbed efficiently. Absorption of calcium occurs primarily in the upper part of the

small intestine

bone marrow

spongy bone tissue that contains stem cells

The UL of 350 mg/day refers to magnesium from

supplements. antacids. laxatives

Exercise is beneficial for bone health because

the additional stress on bone increases bone mineral density.

Periosteum

thick membrane that covers the bone surface

High levels of ingested fluoride can lead to

tooth mottling. skeletal damage.

Fluoride content of foods is limited, so in areas where fluoridation of the water supply is not feasible, this mineral can be supplied by

topical fluoride treatments. toothpaste. fluoride tablets.

The hip, spine, and wrist are common sites of fractures related to osteoporosis because these regions are high in ______ bone.

trabecular

What type of nutrient is fluoride?

trace mineral

Adequate dietary intake of magnesium is associated with decreased risk of

type 2 diabetes. cardiovascular disease.

______ refers to low bone mineral density that occurs in both men and women after age 60.`

type 2 osteoporosis

What are some reasons an individual may choose to avoid dairy products?

vegan diet avoid antibiotics and hormones milk protein allergy lactose intolerance

Which of the following population groups is affected by type 1 osteoporosis?

women after menopause