Ch 11
About how much sun exposure is needed per day to ensure a full day's supply of vitamin D?
10 minutes
Adults absorb about _____ of the calcium in the foods eaten.
30%
What type of environment is necessary for calcium to be absorbed into the body?
Acidic
Which of the following are functions of calcium?
Blood clotting Muscle function Bone building
Where is 85% of the phosphorus in the body found?
Bone
Which type of calcium supplement do you need to take with meals for optimal absorption?
Calcium carbonate
Which of the following are characteristics of type 2 osteoporosis?
Demineralization of trabecular bone Affects both men and women Demineralization of cortical bone
Sunlight is the best source of vitamin D. However, if you cannot spend enough time in the sun to synthesize adequate vitamin D, which of the following is the best dietary strategy to obtain vitamin D?
Eat a serving of fatty fish twice per week.
True or false: A person who does not consume adequate calcium intakes, will have less calcium in the blood
False
True or false: Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, provide about 25% of the calcium in North American diets.
False
True or false: Phosphorus deficiency is a very serious and relatively common concern.
False
For a person who does not consume cow's milk, which of the following are useful sources of calcium?
Fortified breakfast cereals Salmon with bones Fortified soymilk
type 2 osteoporosis
Porous trabecular and cortical bone observed in men and women after the age of 60
______ is the vitamin D deficiency disease characterized by bowed legs, an enlarged head, deformities of the ribs and pelvis, and pain in the joints.
Rickets
Kyphosis is
an abnormal bending of the spine
cortical bone
dense bone tissue that provides strength and stability
Select the sources of fluoride.
fluoridated water seaweed tea
Exceeding the UL for ______ can lead to hip fractures, still joints, and stomach inflammation among adults.
fluoride
Which of the following foods provides the highest concentration of bioavailable calcium for a vegetarian?
fortified orange juice
What are good nondairy food sources of vitamin D?
fortified orange juice fortified breakfast cereals
When habitual intake of vitamin D exceeds the UL, health risks include
gastrointestinal distress. calcium deposits in organs.
Vitamin D is unique in that it has a site of synthesis that is different from the location of action, so it is considered to be a
hormone
A magnesium deficiency can cause
irregular heartbeat
trabecular bone
lattice-like bone tissue that acts to absorb shock
Large amounts of phytic acid found in fiber from grains, excess phosphorous, polyphenols in tea, and vitamin D deficiency all contribute to ______.
limiting calcium absorption
The DEXA technique uses ______ to measure bone mineral density.
low-level x-rays
Highly trained athletes are at risk for bone loss if
menstruation becomes irregular or ceases altogether.
Hip fractures are particularly devastating because they often result in
mortality. disability. loss of independence.
Much of the calcium in many leafy green vegetables, notably spinach, is not absorbed because of the presence of ______ acid.
oxalic
Common sites for osteoporotic fractures include
pelvis. wrist. spine.
type 1 osteoporosis
porous trabecular bone characterized by rapid bone demineralization following menopause
Calcium requires an acidic environment in the GI tract to be absorbed efficiently. Absorption of calcium occurs primarily in the upper part of the
small intestine
bone marrow
spongy bone tissue that contains stem cells
The UL of 350 mg/day refers to magnesium from
supplements. antacids. laxatives
Exercise is beneficial for bone health because
the additional stress on bone increases bone mineral density.
Periosteum
thick membrane that covers the bone surface
High levels of ingested fluoride can lead to
tooth mottling. skeletal damage.
Fluoride content of foods is limited, so in areas where fluoridation of the water supply is not feasible, this mineral can be supplied by
topical fluoride treatments. toothpaste. fluoride tablets.
The hip, spine, and wrist are common sites of fractures related to osteoporosis because these regions are high in ______ bone.
trabecular
What type of nutrient is fluoride?
trace mineral
Adequate dietary intake of magnesium is associated with decreased risk of
type 2 diabetes. cardiovascular disease.
______ refers to low bone mineral density that occurs in both men and women after age 60.`
type 2 osteoporosis
What are some reasons an individual may choose to avoid dairy products?
vegan diet avoid antibiotics and hormones milk protein allergy lactose intolerance
Which of the following population groups is affected by type 1 osteoporosis?
women after menopause