ch 12-14 exam 4
True or False: Vaccinations depend on the anamnestic response to successfully protect a person from infection.
True
Includes anaphylaxis—a systemic fatal reaction with airway obstruction and respiratory collapse
Type I
Live chickenpox virus can be used in a(n) ___.
attenuated vaccine
Place the steps in the correct order to assess your knowledge of B-cell activation and antibody synthesis.
1- clonal selection via antigen binding 2- antigen processing and presentation 3- b-cell/Th cell cooperation and recognition 4- b-cell activation 5- differentiation of activated B cells into three types of advanced b cells 6- clonal expansion leading to antibody synthesis
Please choose the answer that best completes the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. _______ are substances that provoke a specific immune response which is so discriminating that only a single molecular fragment, called an __________, actually interacts with the lymphocyte's receptor.
Antigens; epitope
IgA
Dimer that is a significant component of mucus and secretions
disulfide bonds
Holds polypeptide chains together
Type _____ hypersensitivity results in the lysis of foreign cells due to the actions of complement and antibodies (IgG and IgM), often resulting in transfusion reactions.
II
Compartmentalized network of vessels, cells, and specialized accessory organs that houses aggregates of lymphocytes
Lymphatic system
Select all of the characteristics of B lymphocytes, which are involved in specific immunity.
Mature in the bone marrow Move freely among lymphoid tissues and connective tissue Form specialized plasma cells that produce antibodies
Select all of the characteristics of T lymphocytes, which are involved in specific immunity.
Mature in the thymus Move freely among lymphoid tissues and connective tissue Responsible for cell mediated immunity
IgE
Mediates allergic responses
_________ are the precursors to macrophages.
Monocytes
Support network of connective tissue fibers that provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs; white blood cells are enmeshed in this network
Mononuclear phagocyte system
Which cell type is capable of phagocytosis?
Neutrophils and macrophages
According to the video, which process enhances the process of phagocytosis?
Opsonization
Fc
Part of antibody involved in binding to various cells and molecules of the immune response
IgM
Pentameric in circulation
Choose the statement that describes the first stage of phagocytosis.
Phagocytes move with deliberation along a gradient of stimulatory products at the site of injury
Complement is part of a group of "second-line" host defenses which are nonspecific or mainly nonspecific. Which of these is NOT part of that group?
Plasma cells
Please choose the answer that best completes the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. ________ immunodeficiency diseases are present at birth and usually stem from genetic errors, whereas ________ immunodeficiency diseases are acquired after birth and are due to agents such as infections, irradiation, or steroids.
Primary; secondary
second line of defense
a cellular and chemical system that comes immediately into play if infectious agents make it past the surface defenses.
first line of defense
a surface protein composed of anatomical and physiological barriers that keep microbes from penetrating sterile body compartments.
The three primary functions that complement carries out are
enhancing phagocytosis, causing inflammation, and killing target cells.
Phagocytes are attracted by all of the following except:
enzymes released by lysosomes
In phagocytosis, the digested contents are eliminated by:
exocytosis
Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells by
exposing them to chemicals which induces apoptosis.
Innate (nonspecific) immunity
first and second line of defense
When a large percentage of a population is vaccinated against an infection, the causative microbe is unable to spread easily through that population. Because of this, susceptible individuals who cannot be vaccinated are protected to some extent by the community around them. This phenomenon is known as _____________.
herd immunity
The complement components react
in a cascade
Innate, nonspecific physical barriers of host defenses
include the skin. include the mucous membranes.
third line of defense
includes specific host defenses that must be developed uniquely for each microbe through the action of specialized white blood cells
Select the nonspecific processes below to test your understanding of the various categories of nonspecific immunity.
inflammatory response complement cascade phagocytosis interferon production
Host defenses
innate (nonspecific) and acquired (specific)
Select the examples of nonspecific host defense mechanisms in order to test your understanding of host defenses.
innate anatomical and physiological barriers innate cellular and chemical defenses phagocytosis and inflammation
When a cell is infected by a virus, __________ is produced and is secreted from the infected cell to protect nearby uninfected cells by binding to surface receptors and initiating synthesis of antiviral proteins.
interferon
The specific immune response
involves memory of antigens from previous exposure.
Cytotoxic T cells know that a cell is infected because
it has antigens from the disease-causing microbe on its surface
The first stage of the specific immune response involves:
lymphocyte development and differentiation
A ______ contains hydrolytic enzymes to digest foreign bacteria.
lysosome
IgD
main function is to serve as antigen receptor on B-cell surface
B Cells
mature in bone marrow immunoglobulin surface markers located in the cortex of lymphatic organs do not require antigen presented with MHC production of antibodies
T cells
mature in the thymus cd molecules on surface located in the paracortical sites of lymphatic organs require antigen presentation with MHC assist other immune cells, mediate hypersensitivity, synthesize cytokines
The immune system responds more swiftly by making antibodies to an antigen after the first exposure because
memory B cells are produced during the first response
IgG
most prevalent antibody in circulation
acquired (specific) immunity
third line of defense
Select all of the components of the mononuclear phagocyte system to test your understanding of the components of this system.
thymus lymph nodes, spleen, GALT macrophages
Please label this image to demonstrate your understanding of the process of phagocytosis.
1- Chemotaxis by phagocyte 2- Adhesion of bacteria 3- Engulfment into phagocytic vacuole 4- Phagosome 5- Phagolysosome formation 6- Killing and destruction 7- Release of debris
Order the following statements to reflect the sequence of events that occur upon secondary exposure to allergens from the first to last event.
1- Allergen is encountered after previous sensitization event. 2- Allergen attaches to IgE on mast cells. 3- Degranulation and release of chemical mediators. 4- Systemic distribution of mediators via bloodstream. 5- Symptoms such as headache, wheal-and-flare reactions, and pruritis appear in various organs.
Order the following choices to reflect the stages of phagocytosis, from the first step to the last step.
1- Chemotaxis 2- Formation of phagosome 3- Formation of phagolysosome 4- Killing and digestion of microbe 5- Exocytosis of debris
True or False: Complement factor C3b coats a bacterium and binds to C3b receptors on phagocytes, making the bacterium more susceptible to being phagocytized.
True
Which process involves a more rapid synthesis and greatly increased titer of antibody when the immune system is subsequently exposed to the same antigen?
Anamnestic response
neutralization
Antibodies fill the surface receptors on microbes to prevent its attachment to the host
antitoxin
Antibody that neutralizes bacterial exotoxins
Select statements that apply to B-cell maturation.
B cells form and mature in the bone marrow. Naive B cells circulate for lymphatic organs where they come into contact with antigens.
third line of defense example
B/T cells
Carries red and white blood cells, many different chemicals produced by the liver, and antibodies
Bloodstream
agglutination
Cross linkage of cells or particles into large clumps
The classical complement pathway is activated when:
C1 binds to the antibody in an antigen-antibody complex
Both the classical and alternative complement pathways create
C3 convertase.
C3 convertase cleaves C3 into:
C3a and C3b
The membrane attack complex is made from:
C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9
opsonization
Coating of microbe with antibody to enhance phagocytosis
____________, like macrophages, are products of the monocytic cell line that reside throughout the tissues and present antigen to lymphocytes.
Dendritic cells
Choose the statement that describes MHC class I molecules.
Expressed on all human nucleated cells
Fluid that fills the spaces surrounding tissue cells
Extracellular fluid
True or False: In a subunit vaccine, the subunit must come from the outer surface of the pathogen.
False
True or False: Mitochondria contain hydrolytic enzymes.
False
True or False: One plasma cell will secrete antibodies of various classes but the antibodies will all have different specificity.
False
True or False: Phagocytosis exhibits a memory response similar to specific immunity.
False
True or False: The complement system is part of the specific immune response.
False
Select all statements that apply to hemolytic disease of the newborn to test your understanding of this disorder.
Fetal RBC leakage sensitizes the mother to make anti-Rh antibodies. Anti-Rh antibodies that are IgG can cross the placenta and induce complement-mediated lysis of fetal RBCs.
Early in the primary response, most of the antibodies are the ____ type.
IgM
Antigen-presenting cells release what cytokine to activate helper T cells?
Interleukin-1
When activated by antigen-presenting cells, helper T cells release what cytokine that activates B-cells and cytotoxic T cells?
Interleukin-2
Which of the following correctly describe systemic anaphylaxis?
It involves sudden respiratory and circulatory issues. It can be fatal very quickly. Concentration of chemical mediators is very high in response.
hinge region
Region between FAb and Fc that allows swiveling of the FAb
complement binding site
Site within Fc region
A toxoid would best be described as an example of which type of vaccine?
Subunit vaccine
In creating a recombinant vaccine, a gene for an antigen can be spliced into a plasmid. What happens next?
The plasmid is placed into a host cell, such as yeast and the yeast will produce large quantities of the antigen.
FAb
The two arms that bind to antigen
What is the purpose of booster shots?
To stimulate a secondary or anamnestic response
True or False: Phagocytosis is part of the body's nonspecific defenses.
True
True or False: An attenuated vaccine usually provides better immunity than a killed or inactivated one.
True
inhalant
airborne environmental allergen such as pollen
injectant
allergens such as drugs or venom that pierce the skin
ingestant
allergens that enter by the mouth
contactant
allergens that enter through the skin
A child with a genetic disorder that does not allow immature B cells to develop would therefore not be able to make
antibodies.
Choose the statement that describes the method of Tc cell-mediated killing of a target cell.
apoptosis
Antigens:
are molecules that are recognized by B or T cells.
T cells
are responsible for cell-mediated immunity
C3b:
binds to both the surfaces of microorganisms and receptors on the surfaces of phagocytes
After repeated exposure to foreign material, nonspecific immunity
continues to react the same way.
The membrane attack complex kills cells by
creating holes in plasma cell membranes.
second line of defense examples:
phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial proteins
first line of defense examples:
physcial and chemical barriers
B cells differentiate into ______, which make antibodies.
plasma cells
Complement is a group of ______ found in the bloodstream.
proteins
Complement proteins are found in:
serum