ch 12-14 exam 4

True or False: Vaccinations depend on the anamnestic response to successfully protect a person from infection.

True

Includes anaphylaxis—a systemic fatal reaction with airway obstruction and respiratory collapse

Type I

Live chickenpox virus can be used in a(n) ___.

attenuated vaccine

Place the steps in the correct order to assess your knowledge of B-cell activation and antibody synthesis.

1- clonal selection via antigen binding 2- antigen processing and presentation 3- b-cell/Th cell cooperation and recognition 4- b-cell activation 5- differentiation of activated B cells into three types of advanced b cells 6- clonal expansion leading to antibody synthesis

Please choose the answer that best completes the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. _______ are substances that provoke a specific immune response which is so discriminating that only a single molecular fragment, called an __________, actually interacts with the lymphocyte's receptor.

Antigens; epitope

IgA

Dimer that is a significant component of mucus and secretions

disulfide bonds

Holds polypeptide chains together

Type _____ hypersensitivity results in the lysis of foreign cells due to the actions of complement and antibodies (IgG and IgM), often resulting in transfusion reactions.

II

Compartmentalized network of vessels, cells, and specialized accessory organs that houses aggregates of lymphocytes

Lymphatic system

Select all of the characteristics of B lymphocytes, which are involved in specific immunity.

Mature in the bone marrow Move freely among lymphoid tissues and connective tissue Form specialized plasma cells that produce antibodies

Select all of the characteristics of T lymphocytes, which are involved in specific immunity.

Mature in the thymus Move freely among lymphoid tissues and connective tissue Responsible for cell mediated immunity

IgE

Mediates allergic responses

_________ are the precursors to macrophages.

Monocytes

Support network of connective tissue fibers that provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs; white blood cells are enmeshed in this network

Mononuclear phagocyte system

Which cell type is capable of phagocytosis?

Neutrophils and macrophages

According to the video, which process enhances the process of phagocytosis?

Opsonization

Fc

Part of antibody involved in binding to various cells and molecules of the immune response

IgM

Pentameric in circulation

Choose the statement that describes the first stage of phagocytosis.

Phagocytes move with deliberation along a gradient of stimulatory products at the site of injury

Complement is part of a group of "second-line" host defenses which are nonspecific or mainly nonspecific. Which of these is NOT part of that group?

Plasma cells

Please choose the answer that best completes the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. ________ immunodeficiency diseases are present at birth and usually stem from genetic errors, whereas ________ immunodeficiency diseases are acquired after birth and are due to agents such as infections, irradiation, or steroids.

Primary; secondary

second line of defense

a cellular and chemical system that comes immediately into play if infectious agents make it past the surface defenses.

first line of defense

a surface protein composed of anatomical and physiological barriers that keep microbes from penetrating sterile body compartments.

The three primary functions that complement carries out are

enhancing phagocytosis, causing inflammation, and killing target cells.

Phagocytes are attracted by all of the following except:

enzymes released by lysosomes

In phagocytosis, the digested contents are eliminated by:

exocytosis

Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells by

exposing them to chemicals which induces apoptosis.

Innate (nonspecific) immunity

first and second line of defense

When a large percentage of a population is vaccinated against an infection, the causative microbe is unable to spread easily through that population. Because of this, susceptible individuals who cannot be vaccinated are protected to some extent by the community around them. This phenomenon is known as _____________.

herd immunity

The complement components react

in a cascade

Innate, nonspecific physical barriers of host defenses

include the skin. include the mucous membranes.

third line of defense

includes specific host defenses that must be developed uniquely for each microbe through the action of specialized white blood cells

Select the nonspecific processes below to test your understanding of the various categories of nonspecific immunity.

inflammatory response complement cascade phagocytosis interferon production

Host defenses

innate (nonspecific) and acquired (specific)

Select the examples of nonspecific host defense mechanisms in order to test your understanding of host defenses.

innate anatomical and physiological barriers innate cellular and chemical defenses phagocytosis and inflammation

When a cell is infected by a virus, __________ is produced and is secreted from the infected cell to protect nearby uninfected cells by binding to surface receptors and initiating synthesis of antiviral proteins.

interferon

The specific immune response

involves memory of antigens from previous exposure.

Cytotoxic T cells know that a cell is infected because

it has antigens from the disease-causing microbe on its surface

The first stage of the specific immune response involves:

lymphocyte development and differentiation

A ______ contains hydrolytic enzymes to digest foreign bacteria.

lysosome

IgD

main function is to serve as antigen receptor on B-cell surface

B Cells

mature in bone marrow immunoglobulin surface markers located in the cortex of lymphatic organs do not require antigen presented with MHC production of antibodies

T cells

mature in the thymus cd molecules on surface located in the paracortical sites of lymphatic organs require antigen presentation with MHC assist other immune cells, mediate hypersensitivity, synthesize cytokines

The immune system responds more swiftly by making antibodies to an antigen after the first exposure because

memory B cells are produced during the first response

IgG

most prevalent antibody in circulation

acquired (specific) immunity

third line of defense

Select all of the components of the mononuclear phagocyte system to test your understanding of the components of this system.

thymus lymph nodes, spleen, GALT macrophages

Please label this image to demonstrate your understanding of the process of phagocytosis.

1- Chemotaxis by phagocyte 2- Adhesion of bacteria 3- Engulfment into phagocytic vacuole 4- Phagosome 5- Phagolysosome formation 6- Killing and destruction 7- Release of debris

Order the following statements to reflect the sequence of events that occur upon secondary exposure to allergens from the first to last event.

1- Allergen is encountered after previous sensitization event. 2- Allergen attaches to IgE on mast cells. 3- Degranulation and release of chemical mediators. 4- Systemic distribution of mediators via bloodstream. 5- Symptoms such as headache, wheal-and-flare reactions, and pruritis appear in various organs.

Order the following choices to reflect the stages of phagocytosis, from the first step to the last step.

1- Chemotaxis 2- Formation of phagosome 3- Formation of phagolysosome 4- Killing and digestion of microbe 5- Exocytosis of debris

True or False: Complement factor C3b coats a bacterium and binds to C3b receptors on phagocytes, making the bacterium more susceptible to being phagocytized.

True

Which process involves a more rapid synthesis and greatly increased titer of antibody when the immune system is subsequently exposed to the same antigen?

Anamnestic response

neutralization

Antibodies fill the surface receptors on microbes to prevent its attachment to the host

antitoxin

Antibody that neutralizes bacterial exotoxins

Select statements that apply to B-cell maturation.

B cells form and mature in the bone marrow. Naive B cells circulate for lymphatic organs where they come into contact with antigens.

third line of defense example

B/T cells

Carries red and white blood cells, many different chemicals produced by the liver, and antibodies

Bloodstream

agglutination

Cross linkage of cells or particles into large clumps

The classical complement pathway is activated when:

C1 binds to the antibody in an antigen-antibody complex

Both the classical and alternative complement pathways create

C3 convertase.

C3 convertase cleaves C3 into:

C3a and C3b

The membrane attack complex is made from:

C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9

opsonization

Coating of microbe with antibody to enhance phagocytosis

____________, like macrophages, are products of the monocytic cell line that reside throughout the tissues and present antigen to lymphocytes.

Dendritic cells

Choose the statement that describes MHC class I molecules.

Expressed on all human nucleated cells

Fluid that fills the spaces surrounding tissue cells

Extracellular fluid

True or False: In a subunit vaccine, the subunit must come from the outer surface of the pathogen.

False

True or False: Mitochondria contain hydrolytic enzymes.

False

True or False: One plasma cell will secrete antibodies of various classes but the antibodies will all have different specificity.

False

True or False: Phagocytosis exhibits a memory response similar to specific immunity.

False

True or False: The complement system is part of the specific immune response.

False

Select all statements that apply to hemolytic disease of the newborn to test your understanding of this disorder.

Fetal RBC leakage sensitizes the mother to make anti-Rh antibodies. Anti-Rh antibodies that are IgG can cross the placenta and induce complement-mediated lysis of fetal RBCs.

Early in the primary response, most of the antibodies are the ____ type.

IgM

Antigen-presenting cells release what cytokine to activate helper T cells?

Interleukin-1

When activated by antigen-presenting cells, helper T cells release what cytokine that activates B-cells and cytotoxic T cells?

Interleukin-2

Which of the following correctly describe systemic anaphylaxis?

It involves sudden respiratory and circulatory issues. It can be fatal very quickly. Concentration of chemical mediators is very high in response.

hinge region

Region between FAb and Fc that allows swiveling of the FAb

complement binding site

Site within Fc region

A toxoid would best be described as an example of which type of vaccine?

Subunit vaccine

In creating a recombinant vaccine, a gene for an antigen can be spliced into a plasmid. What happens next?

The plasmid is placed into a host cell, such as yeast and the yeast will produce large quantities of the antigen.

FAb

The two arms that bind to antigen

What is the purpose of booster shots?

To stimulate a secondary or anamnestic response

True or False: Phagocytosis is part of the body's nonspecific defenses.

True

True or False: An attenuated vaccine usually provides better immunity than a killed or inactivated one.

True

inhalant

airborne environmental allergen such as pollen

injectant

allergens such as drugs or venom that pierce the skin

ingestant

allergens that enter by the mouth

contactant

allergens that enter through the skin

A child with a genetic disorder that does not allow immature B cells to develop would therefore not be able to make

antibodies.

Choose the statement that describes the method of Tc cell-mediated killing of a target cell.

apoptosis

Antigens:

are molecules that are recognized by B or T cells.

T cells

are responsible for cell-mediated immunity

C3b:

binds to both the surfaces of microorganisms and receptors on the surfaces of phagocytes

After repeated exposure to foreign material, nonspecific immunity

continues to react the same way.

The membrane attack complex kills cells by

creating holes in plasma cell membranes.

second line of defense examples:

phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial proteins

first line of defense examples:

physcial and chemical barriers

B cells differentiate into ______, which make antibodies.

plasma cells

Complement is a group of ______ found in the bloodstream.

proteins

Complement proteins are found in:

serum