Ch. 12 PSY 330 - Infant and Child Development
Reversibility
- A thing that has been changed can sometimes be returned to its original state by reversing the process by which it was changed.
Education Wars & Assumptions
- Adults differ in their beliefs about what children should learn, & how. • The Reading Wars • phonics approach - Teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter & of various letter combinations.
Identity
- Certain characteristics of an object remain the same even if other characteristics change.
classification
The logical principle that things can be organized into groups, or categories or classes, according to some characteristic they have in common.
Long-term memory
component of the information-processing system in which limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely.
17. Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences is "____________ thought."
concrete operational
16. According to Piaget, the stage of thinking that is characteristic of middle childhood is:
concrete operational.
1. When Piaget referred to concrete operational thoughts, he meant logic applied in situations that:
deal with visible, tangible, real things.
29. The term "math wars" refers to a:
disagreement between those who want more emphasis on teaching basic math skills and those who want emphasis on a broader, more conceptual understanding of math.
Hidden curriculum Examples:
discipline strategies, teacher salaries, class size, testing, schedules, emphasis on sports, segregation by ethnicity, physical condition of the school
22. Marisol has learned to speak formally with adults and informally (using slang) with her friends. She has learned:
the pragmatics of language.
30. An obvious manifestation of the hidden curriculum is:
the school's physical condition.
whole-language approach
Teaching reading by encouraging early use of all language skills--talking and listening, reading & writing.
phonics approach
Teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter & of various letter combinations.
transitive inference
The ability to figure out the unspoken link between one fact & another. • if A>B>C. then is A>C?
metacognition
"Thinking about thinking," or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor & adjust one's performance on that task.
3. By what age can most children classify objects they see?
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Other Assumptions in the educational landscape.
- Children learn from homework. - Smaller classrooms size is not necessarily better - Raising teacher salaries improves professional education. - Extending school hours.
Mathematic instruction in the U.S. has become problematic.
- Economic development depends on science & technology-math is crucial here. - N. American and W. European students are weaker in math than other areas, especially E. Asia - Many children hate math & feel intimidated by it. • 10 year old should be able to do calculations on 3+ digit numbers.
Vygotsky & School-Age Children
- Educators should consider thought processes & application of acquired knowledge of the child. - Improvement over the meaningless acquisition, rote memorization, curriculum that dominated education in his day.
The outcome of Hidden curriculum
- Most parents, teachers, & political leaders believe that children are learning what they need.
Concrete operational thought:
- Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences & perceptions. - Preschool rehearsal needed less with development of school age logic.
Memory
- Sensory register - Working memory - Long-term memory
Speed & knowledge
- Speed of thinking increases throughout the first two decades of life.
Education in Japan - Harold Stevenson documented key aspects that help Japanese students:
- Strong parental involvement. - Teachers paid well, given time to prepare. - Longer school days. - Effort is highly valued . • Unfortunately, the strong emphasis on education has caused a phobia of school for too many Japanese children. • The government is now working towards a more "relaxed education."
The Role of Instruction
- Vygotsky regarded instruction by others as crucial. • Teachers & peers provide bridge between the child's developmental potential & the necessary skill & knowledge. • other people are crucial in the zone of proximal development. • Cultures, tools, customs, people, teach people. • Some cultures emphasize learning by observation, others by direct instruction, U.S.
Information-processing-theory
- cognition as the functioning of a computer
School-age children:
- great learners - develop strategies - accumulate knowledge - apply logic, & think quickly - 90% of children worldwide are now in school
23. At what age can most children demonstrate rapid and fluent oral reading, more than 100 words per minute?
11-12
21. DeShawn is typical of some school-age children. He learns up to ___ words per day.
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No Child Left Behind Act
A U.S. law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement.
knowledge base
A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area.
charter school
A public school with its own set of standards that is funded & licensed by the state or local district in which it is located.
private school
A school funded by tuition charges, endowments, & often religious or other non-profit sponsors.
immersion
A strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second, usually the majority, language that a child is learning.
bilingual schooling
A strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second, majority, language.
Trends in Math and Science Study, TIMSS
An international assessment of the math & science skills of 4th- & 8th-graders. Although the TIMSS is very useful, different countries' scores are not always comparable because sample selection, test administration, & content validity are hard to keep uniform.
National Assessment of Educational Progress, NAEP
An ongoing & nationally representative measure of U.S. children's achievement in reading, mathematics, & other subjects over time • nicknamed "the Nation's Report Card."
ELLs, English Language Learners
Children in the United States whose proficiency in English is low--usually below a cutoff score on an oral or written test. This term replaces ESL, English as a Second Language, because many children who primarily speak a non-English language at home are also capable in English; they are not ELLs.
home schooling
Education in which children are taught at home, usually by their parents.
24. The arrangement in which children who do not speak English are placed together and given an intensive course in basic English so that they can be educated in the same classroom as native English speakers is called:
English as a second language, ESL, instruction.
Progress in International Reading Literacy Study, PIRLS
Inaugurated in 2001, a planned 5-year cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of fourth-graders.
control processes
Mechanisms, including selective attention, metacognition, & emotional regulation, that combine memory, processing speed, & knowledge to regulate the analysis & flow of information within the information-processing system. • Also called executive processes. - mechanisms that combine: • selective attention • Metacognition, thinking about one's own knowledge/thinking • emotional regulation
voucher
Public subsidy for tuition payment at a non-public school. Vouchers vary a great deal from place to place, not only in amount & availability, but in restrictions as to who gets them & what schools accept them.
5. __________ memory stores incoming stimulus information for a split second to allow it to be processed.
Sensory
working memory
The component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs. • Formerly called short-term memory.
sensory memory
The component of the information-processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed. • Also called the sensory register. • detection of stimulus by any of the 5 senses.
pragmatics
The practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience & context. • Advances markedly in middle childhood; the use of language, including communication with varied audiences in different contexts.
hidden curriculum
The unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum & every other aspect of learning in a school.
Automatization:
ability to perform mental/behavioral processes with little thought • ex. tying shoe.
Seriation:
arranging in logical series.
9. Juanita speaks Spanish. She is learning to speak English. In her third-grade classroom, school subjects are taught in both English and Spanish. This method of teaching a second language is:
bilingual education.
4. Piaget stressed the ______________, whereas Vygotsky stressed the _________________.
child's own discovery of concepts; importance of instruction by others
18. The logical principle that things can be organized into groups or categories according to some characteristic that they have in common is:
classification
2. Carly is given grapes and strawberries. When asked if she has more grapes or fruit, she responds, "I have more fruits." Carly is using the logical concept of:
classification
26. Inaugurated in 2001, a planned _____ cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of fourth-graders is called the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study, PIRLS.
five-year
20. Vygotsky's emphasis on the importance of culture teaching children:
has been supported by research conducted throughout the world.
8. The unrecognized rules and priorities that influence a child's learning in school are called the:
hidden curriculum.
12. Historically, math instruction has ______________, whereas today many educators would like math instruction to _________________.
involved memorizing math facts, rules, and processes; be more active and engaging
Informal code
language used with friends - Fewer words, simpler syntax • ex. text messaging - Gestures & intonation convey meaning - Vital for social acceptance
11. Children who learn the sound of each alphabet letter and combinations of letters to decipher simple words are learning to read by the _______ approach.
phonics
15. The two distinct reading methods are the ________ approach and the _______ approach.
phonics; whole-language
7. Many children use codes in their text messages. The use of these codes in this context indicates the child understands:
pragmatics
27. Results received from international achievement tests are considered problematic because:
sample selection and test administration are not consistent.
6. Which age group would find the classic joke: "Why did the chicken cross the road?" funny?
school-age children
19. Five-year-old Franz can count to 100, but he cannot correctly estimate where 22 is placed on a number line that starts at 0 and ends at 100. This means that Franz is having problems with:
seriation
14. Advocates of _________ would support a child whose invented spelling of "lady" was "lade."
the phonics approach
25. What is a factor that affects adult linguistic input and later child output?
socioeconomic status of the family and of the minority group
Formal Code
used in school & other "formal" situations - Extensive vocabulary - Complex syntax - Lengthy sentences
10. Internationally, girls are slightly ahead in ______ skills and boys in ______.
verbal; math
28. Children who learn to read when their brains are ready as a result of talking, listening, reading, and writing experiences are being taught to read using the _________ approach.
whole-language
Tones and Tricks
• By 10 years of age, children learn to understand the nuances of language, tone, sarcasm, puns. • Ex: 10 year olds recognized that saying "I lost my stickers" in a happy voice is strange.
Two "Codes" of Language
• Formal Code: • Informal code:
International Tests
• International comparisons of achievement have found that the United States is not among the top scoring developed nations.
Language
• Language advances rapidly before middle childhood. • By age 6 children have mastered most of the basic vocabulary & grammar of their first language. • School-age children can learn up to 20 new words a day.
Vocabulary
• School-age children are more flexible & logical in their knowledge & use of vocabulary, understanding metaphors, prefixes, suffixes, & compound words.
Building on Theory
• Theories of cognition in school-age children have been used to structure education.
13. According to research, the best way to teach reading is by using:
• a systematic phonics approach in the early grades. • the whole-language approach with students older than age 9 when reading is connected to literature, history, and science. • a variety of methods and strategies.
Language acquisition is helped by increases in:
• logic • flexibility • memory • speed of thinking
