Ch. 12- The Periodic Table

group 15 Group contains: 2 metalloids, two nonmetals and 1 metal Electrons in the outer level: 5 Reactivity: varies among the elements Other shared properties: all but nitrogen are solid at room temp

Nitrogen group (group #, group contains, electrons in the outer level, reactivity, other shared properties)

group

a column of elements on the periodic table

period

a horizontal row of elements on the periodic table

the properties of elements in a row following a repeating, or periodic, pattern as you move across each period

a row is called a period because...

group 1 Group contains: metals Electrons in the outer level: 1 Reactivity: very reactive Other shared properties: soft, silver-colored, shiny, and low density

alkali metals (group #, group contains, electrons in the outer level, reactivity, other shared properties)

the atoms easily give away the single electron in their outer level

alkali metals are the most reactive metals because...

soft enough to be cut with a knife and they are less dense than water

alkali metals are...

group 2 Group contains: metals Electrons in the outer level: 2 Reactivity: very reactive but these reactive than alkali metals Other shared properties: silver colored, more dense than alkali metals

alkaline earth metals (group #, group contains, electrons in the outer level, reactivity, other shared properties)

it is more difficult for atoms to give away two electrons than to give away only one when joining with other atoms

alkaline earth metals are not as reactive as alkali metals because...

octet rule

atoms with 8 electrons in their outer energy level do not form bonds. This is considered a complete set of valence electrons (exceptions: hydrogen, helium, and lithium only need 2 elections to fill their outer most energy

group 13 Group contains: 1 metalloid and four metals Electrons in the outer level: 3 Reactivity: reactive Other shared properties: solid at room temperature

boron group (group #, group contains, electrons in the outer level, reactivity, other shared properties)

group 14 Group contains: two metalloids, 1 nonmetal and two metals Electrons in the outer level: 4 Reactivity: varies among elements Other shared properties: solid at room temp

carbon group (group #, group contains, electrons in the outer level, reactivity, other shared properties)

shiny or not shiny, malleable or not malleable, ductile or not ductile, good or poor conductor

characteristics of metalloids

shiny, ductile, malleable, and good conductors of thermal energy and electric current

characteristics of metals

not shiny, not malleable, not ductile, and poor conductors of thermal energy and electric current

characteristics of nonmetals

metals, nonmetals, and metalloids

elements are classified as...

chemical and physical properties

elements in the same group have similar...

transition metals

group 3-12 do not have individual names so they are described together under the name...

group 17 Group contains: nonmetals Electrons in the outer level: 7 Reactivity: very reactive Other shared properties: poor conductors of electric current, reacts violently with alkali metals to form salts, never found uncombined in nature

halogens (group #, group contains, electrons in the outer level, reactivity, other shared properties)

periodic

having a regular, repeating pattern

Electrons in the outer layer: 1 Reactivity: reactive Other Properties: colorless, odorless gases at room temp, low density, reacts explosively with oxygen

hydrogen (electrons in the outer level, reactivity, other properties)

1-3 valence electrons lose electrons until they are at 0 (positive ions) 4 valence electrons either gain or lose 4 (positive or negative ions) 5-7 valence electrons gain neutrons until at 8 (negative ions)

identify ion formed (positive or negative)

are also called semiconductors, are the elements that border the zigzag line on the periodic table. Atoms of metalloids have about a half complete set of electrons in their outer energy level.

metalloids

-most elements are metals -Metals add found to the left of the zigzag line on the periodic table -Atoms of most metals have few electrons in their outer energy level

metals

group 18 Group contains: nonmetals Electrons in outer layer: 8 (2 for helium) Reactivity: unreactive Other shared properties: colorless, odorless gases at room temp

noble gases (group #, group contains, electrons in the outer level, reactivity, other shared properties)

-Are found to the right of the zigzag line on the periodic table -Atoms of most nonmetals have an almost complete set of electrons in their outer level -More than half of the nonmetals are gases at room temperature.

nonmetals

group 16 Group contains: one metalloid, three nonmetals, and one metal Electrons in the outer level: 6 Reactivity: reactive Other shared properties: all but oxygen are solid at room temp

oxygen group (group #, group contains, electrons in the outer level, reactivity, other shared properties)

combined with other elements in nature

since group 1 and 2 are so reactive they are only found...

to keep the table from being too wide

some transition metals from periods 6 and 7 are placed at the bottom of the periodic table...

alkali metals

the elements in Group 1 of the periodic table; they are the most reactive metals; their atoms have one electron in their outer level

alkaline-earth metals

the elements in Group 2 of the periodic table; they are reactive metals but are less reactive than alkali metals; their atoms have two electrons in their outer level

halogens

the elements in group 17 of the periodic table ; they are very reactive nonmetals, and their atoms have seven electrons in their outer level

lanthanides because they follow the transition metal lanthanum (shiny, reactive metals)

the first row under the periodic table is called...

periodic law

the law that states that the chemical and physical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers

actinides because they follow the transition metal actinium (radioactive)

the second row under all the elements is called...

noble gases

the unreactive elements in group 18 of the periodic table; their atoms have eight electrons in their outer level (except for helium , which has two electrons)

recognize which elements are metals, which are non metals, and which are metalloids

the zigzag on the periodic table can help you...

group 3-12 Group contains: metals Electrons in the outer level: 1 or 2 Reactivity: less reactive than alkaline earth metals Other shared properties: shiny, good conductors of thermal energy and electric current, and higher densities and melting points than elements in group 1 or 2

transition metals (group #, group contains, electrons in the outer level, reactivity, other shared properties)

Group 1: has 1 valence electron, group 2- has 2 valence electrons, group 3-12: 1 or 2 valence electrons, group 13: 3 valence electrons, group 14: 4 valence electrons, group 15: 5 valence electrons, group 16: 6 valence electrons, group 17: 7 valence electrons, group 18: 8 valence electrons except helium which has 2

valence electrons numbers for each group

group 17 and group 18 is the least reactive nonmetals

what group is the most reactive nonmetals?

group 1 and 2

which groups have the most reactive metals?

Dmitri Mendeleev and arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass

who developed the first periodic table?

moseley rearranged the elements in order of increasing atomic number

who rearranged the elements after mendeleev?

broken apart through chemical changes

with having the elements in group 1 and 2 in nature, to study them separately they must be...