Ch. 13, 14 possible questions

Bushman and Bonacci (2004) found that prejudiced participants were ____ likely to return a lost e-mail that had been addressed to someone with an Arab surname as compared to a European-American surname.

12% less

Patterns of binge eating were rarely noted prior to ____.

1960

Research on salaries and racial discrimination in major league English football suggests that teams that engaged in racial discrimination had to pay ____ overall to attain the same win-loss record as achieved by a team with black players.

5% more

Based on the textbook's definitions of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination, which of the following statements is most accurate?

A stereotype can be positive or negative.

Which of the following is the best example of deindividuation?

Anna is a soldier who is so mentally wrapped up in the war that she actually stops thinking about herself as an individual who is separate from her unit, and fails to ask herself whether or not she is behaving responsibly

According to the text, when do anti-fat attitudes begin?

Anti-fat attitudes begin as early as preschool.

____ is a form of creative thinking in groups, using a procedure in which all group members are encouraged to generate as many ideas as possible.

Brainstorming

Of the following people, who will be most inspired to perform well simply because others are watching?

Chris, who is a narcissist

Given existing research on individualism versus collectivism, what kinds of differences (if any) should we expect between individualists and collectivists in terms of social loafing?

Collectivists are likely to loaf less than individualists

As discussed in the text, there are a number of items that make groups feel united. Which of the following is least likely to unite groups?

Diversity of opinion

Francois is at a bar and asks a beautiful woman for her phone number. Suppose the woman rebuffs him and calls him a creep. Which of the following responses BEST exemplifies the outgroup homogeneity bias?

Francois thinks, "Women—they're all the same!"

Suppose that four students are working on a group project regarding the Cultural Revolution in China. Who is most likely to engage in social loafing?

Frank, who is certain that he will get an "A" in the class no matter how he performs on the group project

Suppose that Fred is a "morning person" and his brother Ned is an "evening person." Which of the following will probably be true regarding their tendencies to employ stereotypes

Fred will tend to use more stereotypes late in the day.

Which of the following is least likely to be considered a stigma?

Having double-jointed knees

According to the text, which of the following statements is most accurate regarding prejudice towards Arabs and Muslims living in the United States?

Highly visible forms of prejudice (e.g., vandalism, assault) are relatively rare; however, relatively less visible forms of prejudice (e.g., workplace discrimination) have increased since 9/11.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding altruistic punishment?

It involves punishing oneself

Loretta is a Native American female. Which of the following is the BEST example of someone who is an outgroup member to Loretta?

Liana, an Asian-American female

Considering all the different stereotypes that people hold of different groups, are most stereotypes positive, negative, or neutral?

Most are negative.

What does the text suggest about the accuracy of common stereotypes—do they seem to contain a kernel of truth?

Most common stereotypes are fairly accurate both in terms of their content and in terms of the supposed magnitude of their effects.

Which of the following statements would be strongly endorsed by a person who measures high on hostile sexism?

Once a woman gets a man, she usually tries to put him on a tight leash.

According to the textbook, which of the following statements is most accurate regarding prejudice towards Arabs and Muslims living in the United States?

Prejudice and discrimination against Arabs and Muslims living in the United States has increased dramatically since the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks.

Recall Muzafer Sherif's research with two groups of 11-year boys camping at Robber's Cave (the "Eagles" and the "Rattlers"). Which of the following theories best accounts for the kind of prejudice that existed between these groups?

Realistic conflict theory

Suppose that Office Building X makes use of an open floor plan with many shared spaces (rather than cubicles or offices). This kind of floor plan is likely to increase productivity among some employees but decrease productivity among others. Of the people below, who is likely to suffer most?

Suzanne, an analyst

____ is the tendency for shared or jointly owned resources to be squandered and not used in an optimal or advantageous fashion.

The commons dilemma

Das, Bushman, Bezemer, Kerkhof, and Vermeulen used what naturally occurring factor in their study of attitudes toward Arab integration in Dutch society?

The murder of Theo van Gogh in Amsterdam

Which of the following is the most accurate summary of social facilitation theory?

The presence of others increases the dominant response tendency.

According to the textbook, is competition something that exists across the world, in all known cultures, or are there cultures that are completely peaceful?

There are a number of cultures where no competition exists at all—among adults or children.

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the human tendencies for prejudice and stereotyping?

These tendencies have only recently been seen as morally wrong (i.e., in modern Western culture).

Recall Muzafer Sherif's research with two groups of 11-year-old boys camping at Robber's Cave (the "Eagles" and the "Rattlers"). The groups were fiercely competitive for several weeks. What triggered a peaceful reconciliation? That is, how was their animosity finally brought to an end?

They were put in a situation where they needed to cooperate in order to achieve a superordinate goal.

Which of the following does NOT qualify as a group, according to the definition given in the text?

Three people who have never met before and have nothing in common

Suppose that Office Building X makes use of an open floor plan with many shared spaces (rather than cubicles or offices). This kind of floor plan is likely to increase productivity among some employees but decrease productivity among others. Of the people below, who is likely to benefit most

Tom, a copy machine operator

Which of the following is the best definition of "discrimination"?

Unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong

Which of the following BEST qualifies as an example of prejudice?

Vera believes that old people smell bad. When getting on the bus earlier this week, she therefore felt repulsed when she saw that the only available seat was next to an old person.

Which of the following comes closest to the textbook's conclusion regarding the elimination of prejudice?

While it is possible to meaningfully reduce specific prejudices, the tendencies for stereotyping and ingroup favoritism appear to be innate.

Given Max Ringlemann's early research looking at group size and individual effort, should we expect Student X to put in a different amount of effort depending on whether she worked on a history project in a five-person group or a two-person group?

Yes, we should expect her to work harder in the two-person group

Suppose that Al is obese, and you are prejudiced against obese people. Which of the following would be the best example of stigma by association?

You evaluate people less positively when you find out they are friends with Al.

Suppose that you have just joined a local volleyball team. Which of the following items would be least likely to make you feel bonded, or unified, with your new team?

You learn that people on your team come from a wide range of backgrounds and lifestyles

Suppose that you own a rowboat and sometimes go rowing in the summer. In June, you are planning to go rowing with two of your friends (three people total in the boat), and in July, you are planning to go rowing with just one friend (two people total in the boat). Will you put in more effort (row harder) on the three-person trip or on the two-person trip?

You will put in more effort on the two-person trip

According to the text, at present, the most likely explanation for people's attitudes against lesbians and homosexuals are rooted in ____.

a fear that they themselves will be the recipients of unwanted romantic or sexual advances from these groups

Which of the following statements best summarizes the relationship between salience and stereotype formation?

a. Stereotypes can form simply on the basis of salience.

As described in the text, ____ was at the core of the fascist movements of the first half of the twentieth century

a. deindividuation

Research on deindividuation and mob violence indicates that the level of ____ is the single biggest factor in predicting aggression.

accountability

Research suggests that stereotyping ____.

allows people to save mental energy and enables them to process information more quickly

Binge eating is defined by ____.

alternating periods of uncontrolled eating and severe restraint

A traditional economist—who believes that humans always behave in rational, self-interested ways—would be MOST shocked to learn about the human tendency for ____.

altruistic punishment

Even though Joey suffered because of it—his peers at school teased him for months—he filed a report with the principal's office when he heard that two of the popular kids at school had cheated on a big exam. Joey filed the report for everyone's good. Social psychologists would say that in reporting the students Joey engaged in ____.

altruistic punishment

People sometimes punish those who cheat the system, even when they need to make sacrifices or suffer losses to do so. According to the text, this phenomenon is known as ____.

altruistic punishment

To what extent is homosexual behavior "natural"? Research indicates that it occurs ____.

among humans all over the world, as well as among other species

Chuck is a middle-aged white man who is extremely liberal politically, and firm in his belief that all ethnic and racial groups should be given equal opportunities to succeed. Even so, Chuck never had friends who were minorities when he was growing up, and he sometimes feels uncomfortable interacting with minorities. Chuck is most likely ____.

an aversive racist

As defined in the text, a group is a collection of at least two people who ____.

are being or doing something together

7. Which of the following refers to the tendency that some people have to simultaneously (a) hold egalitarian values, and (b) experience negative feelings, or feelings of disease, when interacting with minority groups?

aversive racism

In terms of intergroup relationships, a stereotype can best be described as ____ and a prejudice as ____.

b. a cognition; an affect

The human mind seems naturally inclined to ____.

b. sort objects into groups

If something is said to be "salient," then it ____.

b. stands out and is noticeable or memorable

Suppose that Jose was born and raised in Mexico, and that—even though he has never been to the U.S.—he holds a number of stereotypes about Americans. According to the text, these stereotypes are most likely based on ____.

b. what he has heard about Americans from other Mexicans

Research on diversity in groups indicates that, compared to more homogeneous groups, diverse groups tend to ____.

be more creative

According to the textbook, there are a number of contemporary societies that are completely peaceful, and do not have any form of competition or intergroup strife. On the downside, however, these societies tend to ____.

be unsuccessful in economic and political terms

Mark is a Southern gentleman. He always stands up when a woman enters the room and offers her his chair. He is quick to get the doors for his female companions, and he always pays when they go out. Mark probably scores high on ____.

benevolent sexism

Research on college sororities has found that ____.

binge eating patterns seem to be contagious

As discussed in the text, human groups are ____.

both social and cultural

Your boss at work has asked you and three other employees to come up with some fundraising ideas. "Just put your heads together, speak freely among yourselves, and think up as many ideas as you can," she says. She is asking you to engage in ____.

brainstorming

Based on early research by Norman Triplett with racing cyclists, we should expect that people who exercise for half an hour on rowing machines at a gym, among other people, would be more likely to ____ than people who exercise for half an hour on a rowing machine in the privacy of their home

burn more calories

Research on diversity in groups indicates that, compared to more homogeneous groups, diverse groups tend to ____.

c. have lower group morale

In the context of realistic conflict theory, the term "superordinate goal" refers to a goal that ____.

can be achieved only by cooperating and working with others

Similarity is important to membership in a human cultural group because it ____.

cements one's allegiance to the group

In Muzafer Sherif's research with 11-year-old boys at a summer camp in Robber's Cave, it was found that ____ tended to increase prejudice, while ____ tended to reduce it.

competition; superordinate goals

During the second phase of the Robber's Cave experiment, the boys from the Eagles and the Rattlers had ____ contact with each other.

competitive

In his early social psychological research regarding bicyclists and racing performance, Norman Triplett's initial interpretation of his finding was that the presence of others stimulated a ____.

competitive instinct

While many modern offices make use of open shared spaces (rather than cubicles or offices), this office style can hinder productivity. Indeed, this office style is likely to be particularly detrimental for employees who work on ____.

complex, novel tasks

As discussed in the textbook, stereotyping is best thought of as a(n) ____.

consequence of the human tendency for social categorization

In one of the earliest social psychological experiments to be conducted, Norman Triplett examined the records of teams of cyclists. He found that cyclists who raced against each other ____ than those who raced alone (against the clock).

cycled more quickly

Which of the following is the best definition of "stereotyping"?

d. Beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits

____ refer to characteristics of people that are considered socially unacceptable—for example, mental illnesses, disabilities, or scars.

d. Stigmas

According to the textbook, there is/are ____ known peaceful societies in the world.

d. about 25

Which of the following is NOT one of the three processes upon which social facilitation depends?

d. social loafing

As discussed in the textbook, people are most likely to base their stereotypes of a given outgroup on ____.

d. what they have heard about the outgroup from members of the ingroup

John is taking part in a student protest, marching across police lines into an important administrative building on campus. He is so wrapped up in the group mentality that he actually stops thinking about himself as an individual who is separate from the group, and fails to ask himself whether or not he is behaving responsibly. John is probably experiencing ____.

deindividuation

Social psychologists have coined the term ____ to refer to the loss of self-awareness and of individual accountability in a group

deindividuation

The text quotes Stanislaus Lezczynski, King of Poland, who stated that "no snowflake in an avalanche ever feels responsible," to capture the notion of ____.

deindividuation

An example of ____ against Native Americans would be the practice of keeping them on reservations instead of letting them live wherever they want.

discrimination

In the ABCs of intergroup relationships, ____ can best be thought of as a behavior.

discrimination

Suppose that the CEO of a financial consulting company employs only tall people. Even though this CEO interviews equal numbers of short and tall applicants who are qualified to work at his company, he never hires any of the short ones. According to social psychologists, the CEO's behavior would be best described as an example of _____.

discrimination

Jonah is really worried about playing the piano at his recital in front of his girlfriend, who has expressed a desire to be at the recital. Jonah keeps thinking about her instead of concentrating on playing his music. Which of the three processes that influences social facilitation does this scenario most emphasize?

distraction

Prejudice against atheists seems most rooted in ____.

distrust

1. Research on diversity in groups indicates that ____.

diverse groups are capable of being more creative and flexible than homogeneous groups, but tend to suffer from poor communication and perform worse than other groups

In a nutshell, the research on diversity in groups indicates that ____.

diversity presents numerous challenges, but can sometimes be a plus

Early research in social psychology conducted by Max Ringlemann revealed that people ____ when they work as part of a group (e.g., pushing a car off of the road with two other people) compared to when they work alone at the same task.

do not work as hard

Rohit is a very good golfer when he is alone, and an excellent golfer when he is with others. In the language of social facilitation theory, playing golf well appears to be a(n) ____ for Rohit.

dominant response

Jane joined a sorority her freshman year of college and moved into the house her sophomore year. She had never engaged in binge eating before moving into the sorority. After the end of her sophomore year of living in the house, she is most likely to ____.

engage in the level of binge eating that most of her sorority sisters do

Social facilitation theory suggests that tasks like walking, brushing one's teeth, or counting will be ____ by the presence of others. It also suggests that tasks like solving a difficult math problem or crossword puzzle will be ____ by the presence of others.

enhanced; hindered

Social psychologists use the term ____ to refer to concern about how others are evaluating your performance

evaluation apprehension

Technically speaking, the term "homophobia" refers to excessive ____ homosexuals or homosexual behavior

fear of

Research examining whether women and men are more or less tolerant of female lesbian behavior versus male gay behavior has found that

females are more tolerant of male gay behavior, while males are more tolerant of female lesbian behavior.

Research indicates that if eight people work jointly in a brainstorming session, they are likely to come up with ____ eight people working independently.

fewer ideas than

Social loafing is also known as the ____.

free rider problem

Because realistic conflict theory describes people competing over scarce resources, one could argue that it is simply ____ theory applied to group conflict.

frustration-aggression theory

Research on prejudice against lesbian and gay people has shown that, in general, ____.

gay men experience more prejudice than lesbian women

After decades of research on the effect that others have on task performance, social psychologists have concluded that the presence of others ____.

has mixed effects, because it elicits a person's dominant response

Research on diversity in groups indicates that, compared to more homogeneous groups, diverse groups tend to ____.

have the potential for better performance

Countries that value competition generally have ____ levels of conflict and ____ levels of economic success

higher; higher

Suppose that some people have just been randomly assigned to two different teams. Research suggests that these people would be likely to exhibit discriminatory behavior (favoring the ingroup, and disfavoring the outgroup) ____.

immediately, as soon as the groups had been defined

The so-called "discontinuity effect" is lessened when ____.

individual group members are identifiable

Suppose that Aretha grew up in New York, but currently works in California as a Human Resources Director. While she tries to be unbiased when reviewing job applications, she knows that she has a tendency to favor New York applicants over other applicants. That is, she tends to engage in ____. a. the discontinuity effect

ingroup favoritism

People who belong to the same category as yourself are called ____.

ingroup members

Compared to others, obese people tend to be rated as ____.

less attractive, less successful, less hardworking, and less intelligent

Szymanski's (2000) research found that black players in the major leagues for English football were paid ____.

lower salaries than white players, regardless of ability

As discussed in the text, when a group experiences a shared emotional experience (whether positive or negative), they tend to feel ____. When they are given a name or uniform that identifies them as a group, they tend to feel ____.

more united; more united as well

The fact that humans engage in altruistic punishment fits one of the themes of the text, namely that ____.

natural selection has favored humans who are able to participate in a cultural society

It would be most accurate to say that the majority of stereotypes are ____ and, the majority of stereotypes, when scrutinized, turn out to be ____.

negative; accurate reflections of reality

Researchers have examined whether obese men and women earn less than others, controlling for the same set of qualifications. This has shown that ____.

obesity negatively impacts both men and women, but especially women

The term "salience" is best defined as ____.

obviousness

The so-called bad apple effect refers to the idea that ____.

one social loafer can cause others to loaf as well

Jennifer is a student at UCLA. When asked to describe the average UCLA student, she says it is almost impossible to do so because "there are so many different kinds of people at UCLA; the diversity is really amazing." By contrast, when asked to describe the average USC student, Jennifer says: "That's easy; they're all almost exactly the same." Social psychologists would say that Jennifer is displaying what is known as the ____.

outgroup homogeneity bias

Most people assume that outgroup members are relatively similar to one another, while ingroup members are relatively different from one another. This tendency is known as the ____.

outgroup homogeneity bias

Research has demonstrated that eyewitnesses are more accurate at identifying people of their own racial or ethnic group than they are at identifying people of other ethnic or racial groups. This tendency is most related to the so-called ____.

outgroup homogeneity bias

People who belong to a different category from yourself are ____.

outgroup members

When black players entered the major league market for English football, they were ____.

paid less than white players because fewer teams wanted to hire them

We should expect social loafing to be greatly reduced when ____.

people are held accountable for their inputs

The so-called "minimal group effect" most directly suggests that ____.

people are predisposed to divide the world into "us" and "them," and to show a preference for "us"

The outgroup homogeneity effect appears to stem from the fact that ____.

people have limited contact and experience with outgroup members

Research on prejudice and self-esteem suggests that ____.

people may hold prejudices, in part, because doing so bolsters their self-esteem

Aversive racism most captures the idea that ____.

people often have mixed feelings toward other groups and sometimes harbor prejudices despite themselves

As defined in the text, narcissists are ____.

people who regard themselves as better than others and are constantly trying to win the admiration of others

The so-called "outgroup homogeneity bias" refers to the tendency for people to ____.

perceive members of outgroups as relatively similar to one another, but perceive members of ingroups as relatively different from one another

The term "____" refers to a negative attitude or feeling toward an individual based solely on that individual's membership in a certain group

prejudice

Unlike groups that are merely social groups, cultural groups ____.

preserve information

Altruistic punishment is BEST described as ____.

punishing those who cheat the system—and making sacrifices in order to do so

Research on the economics of sports suggests that ____.

racial discrimination can be costly for teams

Humans need to find uniqueness within the context of their group memberships. What structural elements of groups help humans do this?

roles

Research on social facilitation would suggest that, in general, runners would ____ when running alongside others as opposed to running alone.

run faster

The term deindividuation is best defined as a loss of ____ that people sometimes feel in group situations

self-awareness and individual accountability

The so-called commons dilemma involves two kinds of conflicts: one concerning ____ and one concerning ____.

self-interest; time

Belonging to a human cultural group has two competing demands. They are ____.

similarity and uniqueness

Many modern offices have open, public shared spaces (rather than cubicles or offices). This office style works best if the employees are working on ____.

simple tasks that they have performed many times

Cockroaches completed simple mazes more quickly when they ran in the presence of other cockroaches (as opposed to alone), and completed complex mazes more quickly when they ran alone (as opposed to in a group). This finding illustrates that, even among cockroaches, ____.

social facilitation happens for dominant responses

People tend to reduce effort when working in a group as opposed to when working alone. This phenomenon is known as ____.

social loafing

The term "free rider problem" is sometimes used to refer to ____.

social loafing

It would be most accurate to say that the results of deindividuation are ___.

somewhat erratic

Randi believes that, compared to white people, Asian people are spiritual. Randi's belief is best characterized as an example of ____.

stereotyping

Men tend to be rated less positively when they are seated next to an obese woman than when they are seated next to an average-weight woman. This tendency is known as ____.

stigma by association

Suppose that Madison has just begun dating Wayne. While at his house, she notices some family photos on the coffee table. She notices that—even though Wayne himself is not overweight—every other member of his family is clearly obese. Somehow, this makes Wayne seem less attractive to Madison. Madison's attitude illustrates ____.

stigma by association

According to the textbook, one critical reason why people hold on to their stereotypes—even in the face of refuting evidence—is that they tend to view pieces of refuting evidence as "exceptions," which constitute their own (new) categories. That is, they tend to create _____.

subtypes

Categories that people use for individuals who do not fit a more general stereotype are called ____.

subtypes

Suppose that Paul is gay, but he does not fit your stereotype of gay people: He wears baggy jeans, constantly swears, has sloppy table manners, and enjoys sports. Instead of changing the way you think about gay people as a group, however, you just decide that Paul belongs to a special class of gay people ("gay jocks"). This would be an example of ____.

subtyping

Positive intergroup contact can effectively reduce prejudice through ____.

testing positive interactions under adverse conditions

The idea that one social loafer can cause others to loaf as well is known as ____.

the bad apple effect

16. The human tendency for rapid, pervasive social categorization is most in line with the idea of ____.

the cognitive miser

The idea that regular interactions among members of different groups reduce prejudice, so long as the interactions occur under favorable conditions, is known as ____.

the contact hypothesis

Compared to when two individuals compete, when two groups of people compete, they tend to be extreme and hostile. This is known as ____.

the discontinuity effect

Groups are more influenced by competition than individuals are. This effect has been dubbed ____.

the discontinuity effect

According to realistic group conflict theory, white people should show the most prejudice against minority groups when ____.

the economy is doing poorly, and whites feel as though they are competing with minorities for a scarce supply of jobs

The discontinuity effect refers to ____.

the fact that groups tend to be more influenced by competition than individuals are

People tend to show a preference for ingroups over outgroups even when group membership is determined at random, and even when they have never interacted with members of their ingroup. This tendency is known as ____.

the minimal group effect

Suppose that you are working on a group project with several classmates, wherein you are required to put together a presentation on Impressionist art. You are least likely to engage in social loafing if ____.

the professor has indicated that group members will all rate each other at the end of the semester

Suppose that you are working on a group project with several classmates, where you are required to put together a presentation on Islamic artists. You are most likely to engage in social loafing if ____.

the professor has indicated that just one grade will be given for the presentation (i.e., everyone in the group will receive the same final grade)

In the language of social facilitation theory, the so-called dominant response is ____.

the response that is most common for a given person in a given situation

We should expect social loafing to be greatly reduced when ____.

the task at hand is important to people

The text notes that the effect of role differentiation in cultural groups is the ____.

the utilization of experts for job functions

People are least likely to overharvest resources in the commons dilemma when ____.

they communicate with others

People are more likely to engage in the commons dilemma when ____.

they do not communicate with others

When people are in a group situation in which they feel deindividuated, they are most likely to behave badly when ____.

they feel anonymous to outsiders who may be watching them

Sherif's Robber's Cave Study was conducted in ____ phases.

three

The commons dilemma refers to the tendency for people to ____.

waste, deplete, or use in a less-than-optimal way resources that are shared with others rather than private

According to social facilitation theory, task performance is sometimes enhanced by the presence of others and sometimes hurt by the presence of others. Generally speaking, this depends upon ____.

whether the task at hand is easy or hard.

Compared to human groups, the social groups formed by animals are much less tolerant of ____.

within-group diversity

Based on research on social facilitation, we should expect that—all else being equal—children who work on a set of easy puzzles alone will ____ than children who work on the same puzzles side by side in a big group of other children

work more slowly

Research has shown that benevolent sexism is ____ for women's cognitive performance than hostile sexism

worse