Ch 13

In 1860, the budget of the federal government stood at $63 million. In 1865, it was

$1.3 billion.

What might Hines' parents have been concerned about from reading his letter, other than the obvious dangers of war?

Lack of food

How did the outcome of the Civil War affect the rights of blacks in America?

Laws requiring favorable treatment of blacks trickled in.

What was the political effect of the Union's victory at Atlanta, Georgia, in the fall of 1864?

Lincoln easily won reelection as president.

Why were Civil War battles far deadlier than they had been in the past?

Rifles were far deadlier over long distances.

Conclusion: Conscription policies, which aggravated both class- and race-based tensions, spurred protests against the war in the Union and the Confederacy. Evidence: "Resolved, That North Carolina has men as well qualified to examine and enroll her conscripts as can be sent here from the City of Richmond; and the course pursued in this respect towards the State is an insult to the intelligence of her people. . . . Resolved, That the President having called upon the Governor of the State for more troops, we deem the call unjust until other States have furnished their quota. . . ."—Source 13.4: Calls for Peace in North Carolina

Yes

Conclusion: In some cases, Americans' anger over perceived wartime injustices led them to push beyond legal forms of dissent and to organize criminal and violent actions. Evidence: "I, with several others, then ran to the Twenty-ninth-street Station-house, but we were lore refused admittance, and told by the Captain that we were frightened without cause. A gentleman accompanied us who told the Captain of the facts, but we were all turned away. I then went down to my husband's, in Broome-street, and there I encountered another mob, who, before I could escape, commenced stoning me. They beat me severely."—Source 13.2: Testimony of New York City Draft Riot Victim Mrs. Statts

Yes

Conclusion: In some cases, Americans' anger over perceived wartime injustices led them to push beyond legal forms of dissent and to organize criminal and violent actions. Evidence: Source 13.1: "Sowing and Reaping"

Yes

Conclusion: The Civil War's length and its economic and human costs led some Americans to raise doubts about its logic, purpose, and value. Evidence: "A thousand millions have been expended since the 15th of April, 1861; and a public debt or liability of $1,500,000,000 already incurred. And to support all this stupendous outlay and indebtedness, a system of taxation, direct andindirect, has been inaugurated, the most onerous and unjust ever imposed uponany but a conquered people."—Source 13.3: Clement L. Vallandigham, The Civil War in America

Yes

Conclusion: The Civil War's length and its economic and human costs led some Americans to raise doubts about its logic, purpose, and value. Evidence: "Resolved, That we favor a proposition of peace to the enemy upon such terms as will guarantee to us all our rights upon an equality with the North; and if such a proposition should be made to and rejected by them, we would be willing to die to the last man upon the battle-field in defense of those rights and that equality. We feel that it is time to consult reason and common sense, and to discard prejudice and passion. The people must look and act upon things as they are."—Source 13.4: Calls for Peace in North Carolina

Yes

Conclusion: The Civil War's length and its economic and human costs led some Americans to raise doubts about its logic, purpose, and value. Evidence: "Short as the time has been since Thursday, I can scarcely collect the link of events sufficiently to tell how the time has been spent. Oh I remember now that Mr Scales spent Friday night with us. He was taking a gloomy view of our prospects, but he talked just this way I remember one year ago. Then I confess I felt more determined 'to do and dare and die' than I do now."—Source 13.5: Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas, Diary

Yes

According to Robert Toombs, who caused the Civil War?

The North

During the Civil War, which form of discrimination against black soldiers in the Union army bothered them the most?

They were paid less than whites were paid.

Which of the following describes the Union Soldiers pictured in this photo?

Their ages seem to vary from very young to middle age

What led to the acceptance of women serving as military nurses?

There was a severe shortage of nurses and doctors.

The fact that Confederate soldiers under Robert E. Lee went into the Battle of Antietam without shoes is evidence of

chronic supply problems that plagued the Confederacy in particular.

Because of repeated losses in battle, the North became

emboldened and turned against slavery more than ever.

With which of the following statements about Union soldiers' motivations for enlisting would Manning agree, based on what is evident in the excerpt reproduced here?

Though soldiers wanted to end slavery, they largely were disinterested in racial equality.

Why did the federal government establish the U.S. Sanitary Commission in June 1861?

To coordinate medical care for Union soldiers

Which group was most likely to die of disease during the Civil War?

Black contrabands

What similarities existed between black and white soldiers?

Both missed their families.

What did Taylor consider her most important role?

Caregiver

What federal policy was unwelcome by most Southerners?

Confinement of slavery to the South

Which of the following factors shaped Lincoln's deliberations on the emancipation of slaves in 1862?

Embracing abolition as a war aim would likely prevent international recognition of the South.

What could readers across the country see in the new mediums of photographs that were less obvious in the simple battlefield sketches that proliferated in previous wars?

Emotions

What can be implied about the North from Freeman's letter?

Even without slavery there was latent racism in the North.

Conclusion: Conscription policies, which aggravated both class- and race-based tensions, spurred protests against the war in the Union and the Confederacy. Evidence: Source 13.1: "Sowing and Reaping"

No

Conclusion: In some cases, Americans' anger over perceived wartime injustices led them to push beyond legal forms of dissent and to organize criminal and violent actions. Evidence: "Resolved, That the course of the administration at Richmond towards North-Carolina has been any thing but fair. While she has put more men in the field than any other State according to population, and while her sons have every where fought and charged the enemy with unsurpassed courage, she receives but little credit for valor or patriotism, and has fewer Generals than any other State to command her troops. Our people have long complained of this injustice, but thus far their complaints have been disregarded."—Source 13.4: Calls for Peace in North Carolina

No

Under what conditions do the authors of the peace petition suggest they would be willing to continue the war?

The Union refuses to concede that Southerners should be allowed to maintain slavery

Why did President Lincoln worry about keeping Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky in the Union at the outset of the Civil War?

Those states were slaveholding border states.

For Gallagher, which of the following was the primary rationale for men to enlist in Union forces?

Unionism

In 1862, Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson combined to produce several Confederate victories in what strategic area?

Virginia

Which of the following terms best summarizes Vallandigham's characterization of the Civil War?

Wasteful

The rioting women are depicted in the right panel as

emaciated mothers seeking to feed their children.

The earliest Confederate victories occurred in

1861

The Civil War had which of the following economic consequences for both North and South?

Inflation

On what grounds does Frederick Spooner justify the Civil War?

Moral

In 1862, why did Lincoln fear that the abolition of slavery might drive border states like Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky from the Union?

Abolition would arouse animosities among slaveholders in those states.

Upon which of the following groups does Clement Vallandigham blame the continuation of the Civil War?

Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party

What was the significance of the Battle of Antietam Creek in September 1862?

Abraham Lincoln used it as the occasion to announce the emancipation policy.

At the beginning of the Civil War, which of the following advantages did the Confederacy enjoy?

A realization that a long war was likely

How did conditions for Union troops improve over the course of the Civil War?

Food supplies increased.

Advocates of secession claimed the federal government failed to enforce what key laws protecting the rights of slaveholders?

Fugitive Slave Act and Dred Scott decision

In the 1864 presidential election, a Northerner who believed that the Union should end the war without abolishing slavery would have voted for which candidate?

George McClellan

What did Eliza fear as a result of the poor conditions at Andersonville?

God's disfavor

According to her memoir, what particular aspects of the war did Taylor have to learn to deal with as a part of her service?

Gruesome injuries

Why did President Lincoln order the garrison at Fort Sumter to be resupplied in April 1861 when he knew South Carolina might resist such a move?

If South Carolina chose to stop the resupply, it would be responsible for beginning hostilities.

What effect did the presence of Union troops in the South have on slaves?

It offered them hope and the taste of freedom.

Why did President Abraham Lincoln initially not want to enlist African American soldiers when the Civil War began?

He did not want to lose the slaveholding border states to the Confederacy.

Why did President Lincoln suspend the right of habeas corpus in border states that allowed slavery in 1861?

He hoped to check the spread of secessionist thought before it was too late.

How did Secretary of War Simon Cameron respond to free African Americans who volunteered for military service early in the Civil War?

He refused to accept black soldiers.

How did General William Tecumseh Sherman respond to the pleas of black ministers that former slaves be given a chance to build new lives for themselves?

He set aside 400,000 acres of Confederate land in Georgia for former slaves.

What was the strategic significance of the Battle of Shiloh in Tennessee in 1862?

It provided the Union access to the Mississippi valley.

How might an image like "Battlefield Dead at Antietam" affect readers who saw it in newspapers?

Increase opposition to the war itself

What broader impact did the Civil War have on the economy of the North?

It accelerated industrial development.

What was the significance of the militia act Congress passed in 1862?

It allowed African Americans to serve in the military.

What does Mrs. Statts's account reveal about the New York City police department's approach to the draft riots?

It denied the seriousness of the riots and, by failing to get involved, allowed them to occur.

Which of the following accurately assesses the task the Union faced in the Civil War?

It had to defeat the South thoroughly.

What was the significance of General Ulysses S. Grant's victory at Vicksburg, Mississippi, in July 1863?

It helped the Union gain full control of the Mississippi River.

Why did Jefferson Davis argue that secession was a necessity for slave states in 1861?

Lincoln's victory had jeopardized the future of slavery.

According to her account, what part of Suzy King Taylor's experience was affected by her race?

Little to nothing was different in her account.

Conclusion: In some cases, Americans' anger over perceived wartime injustices led them to push beyond legal forms of dissent and to organize criminal and violent actions. Evidence: "The whole heavens overcast with clouds—All nature appearing to mourn over the wretched degeneracy of her children and weeping to see brothers arrayed in hatred against each other. 'Man, the noblest work of God.' Verily, when I witness and read of the track of desolation which Sherman's army leaves behind them, I am constrained to think that the work reflects little credit upon the creator. I know that sounds irreverent but I sigh for the memory of those days when man's noblest, better nature was displayed, when the brute 'the cloven foot,' was concealed and I could dream and believe that ours was the very best land—ruled by the very best men under the sun!! . . ."—Source 13.5: Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas, Diary

No

Conclusion: The Civil War's length and its economic and human costs led some Americans to raise doubts about its logic, purpose, and value. Evidence: Source 13.1: "Sowing and Reaping"

No

What was the result of the battle of Monitor vs. Merrimack in Virginia?

No clear victory for either side

Why were southern slaveholders anxious about the loyalty of white Southerners who did not own slaves?

Non-slaveholders not only did not benefit from slavery, but slavery actually undermined their economic opportunities.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "We have not sought this conflict; we have sought too long to avoid it. . . . The door of conciliation and compromise is finally closed by our adversaries, and it remains only to us to meet the conflict with the dignity and firmness of men worthy of freedom. . . . . . . The South at all times demanded nothing but equality in the common territories, equal enjoyment of them with their property, to that extended to Northern citizens and their property—nothing more. . . . In 1790 we had less than eight hundred thousand slaves. Under our mild and humane administration of the system they have increased above four millions. The country has expanded to meet this growing want, and Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri have received this increasing tide of African labor; before the end of this century, at precisely the same rate of increase, the Africans among us in a subordinate condition will amount to eleven millions of persons. What shall be done with them? We must expand or perish. . . . The North understand it better—they have told us for twenty years that their object was to pen up slavery within its present limits—surround it with a border of free States, and like the scorpion surrounded with fire, they will make it sting itself to death." According to Robert Toombs, what has brought about secession?

Northern states have treated the South unfairly in the debate over slavery in the western territories.

What can be said about black soldiers serving with Freeman in the 54th Massachusetts?

Not all black soldiers were happy just to be allowed to enlist.

What effect did Union invasions of the South during the Civil War have on northern opinion about slavery?

Opinion moved increasingly against slavery as the war continued.

How might this letter be different if written by a seventeen year old Southern patriot?

Opposite views on slavery and Southern bravery

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The stern, steady march of events has brought us in conflict with our non-slaveholding confederates upon the fundamental principles of our compact of Union. We have not sought this conflict; we have sought too long to avoid it. . . . The door of conciliation and compromise is finally closed by our adversaries. . . . The South at all times demanded nothing but equality in the common territories, equal enjoyment of them with their property, to that extended to Northern citizens and their property—nothing more. . . . In 1790 we had less than eight hundred thousand slaves. Under our mild and humane administration of the system they have increased above four millions. The country has expanded to meet this growing want, and Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri have received this increasing tide of African labor; before the end of this century, at precisely the same rate of increase, the Africans among us in a subordinate condition will amount to eleven millions of persons. What shall be done with them? We must expand or perish." What emotion did Robert Toombs appeal to in making his argument in favor of secession?

Pity

What does Toombs point to as proof of kind paternalism towards slaves?

Reproduction and population growth

Which of the following exposed soldiers most to disease and starvation during the Civil War?

Prisoner-of-war camps

What effect did the Civil War have on the economy of the North?

Production, efficiency, and jobs all increased.

What characteristic can be seen in both of the images?

Realism

Though Manning and Gallagher argue for different rationales for Union soldiers' enlistment, they both point to which of the following as foundational to that enlistment?

Republicanism

What advantages does Spooner believe that the North has over the South?

Resources

By 1861, the Confederacy had moved its capital to the city of

Richmond.

According to Vallandigham, which of the following issues was the cause of the Civil War?

Sectionalism

How did Mrs. Statts finally escape the rioters?

She left the city on foot and reached New Jersey.

Why was Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas wary about Jefferson Davis's plan to allow slaves to fight in the Confederate forces?

She saw it as an indication that the Confederate forces had become depleted and weak.

In what way was Eliza Frances Andrews similar to many of her fellow Americans, both North and South?

She was anti-Catholic.

Which of the following Union military campaigns does Thomas express fear about in her letters?

Sherman's March to the Sea

What issue does Toombs cite as the cause of the impending conflict?

Slavery

In this image from Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, whom does the illustrator imply is at fault for the food shortages in Richmond?

Southern women

How did the Civil War efforts of women in the South differ from those in the North?

Southern women engaged in individual, uncoordinated efforts to help.

What was the significance of General Benjamin Butler's declaration in May 1861 that slaves who had escaped to Union lines were "contraband"?

Southerners lost any rights to reclaim them.

What can be surmised about Fred Spooner from his letter to his brother (see Source 13.6)?

Spooner did not see any similarities between himself and his southern counterparts.

How does Andrews feel about the "Yankees?"

Sympathetic to an extent

Why did the Confederacy try to get Great Britain to recognize its independence in 1862?

The Confederacy needed Britain because it was the leading market for cotton.

Gallagher asserts that until late 1862, Union soldiers were willing to leave slavery intact in exchange for ending the war. Which of the following events, therefore, does Gallagher infer re-oriented war aims in the soldiers' minds?

The Emancipation Proclamation

Why did Lincoln dispatch ships to Fort Sumter in South Carolina's Charleston harbor in April 1861?

The garrison was running out of food and medicine.

What piece of information did Hines leave out of his letter regarding the Battle of Shiloh?

The fact that the Confederacy lost the battle

The authors suggest in one of their resolutions, "That it is a great crime . . . to conceal the truth from the people." What truth do they suggest the Confederate government has concealed from them?

The fact that the South was likely losing the war, despite winning some battles

According to John Hines's letter to his parents, what made the battlefront such a horrific place?

The sight and sound of the dead and dying

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The South at all times demanded nothing but equality in the common territories, equal enjoyment of them with their property, to that extended to Northern citizens and their property—nothing more. . . . In 1790 we had less than eight hundred thousand slaves. Under our mild and humane administration of the system they have increased above four millions. The country has expanded to meet this growing want, and Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri have received this increasing tide of African labor; before the end of this century, at precisely the same rate of increase, the Africans among us in a subordinate condition will amount to eleven millions of persons. What shall be done with them? We must expand or perish." According to Robert Toombs, why must slavery be allowed in the western territories?

The slave population had grown so large that they needed more land on which to live.

Why did Jefferson Davis and his advisers choose to attack Fort Sumter in April 1861?

They could not permit a foreign power on the territory of the Confederacy.

Why does the Pawnee warrior Loots-Tow-Oots hold a sword in the photograph taken of him and his wife in 1868?

To recall his service in a Union cavalry unit during the war

To which audience would the interpretation of the Richmond Bread Riot reproduced here appeal?

U.S. federal officeholders

Why did Thomas Freeman equate fighting for the Union Army with slavery (see Source 13.9)?

Under both conditions, men were not compensated for perpetual labor.

Conclusion: Conscription policies, which aggravated both class- and race-based tensions, spurred protests against the war in the Union and the Confederacy. Evidence: "And were men wanted? More than a million rushed to arms! Seventy-five thousand first (and the country stood aghast at the multitude), then eighty-three thousand more were demanded; and three hundred and ten thousand responded to the call. The President next asked for four hundred thousand, and Congress, in their generous confidence, gave him five hundred thousand; and, not to be outdone, he took six hundred and thirty-seven thousand. Half of these melted away in their first campaign; and the President demanded three hundred thousand more for the war, and then drafted yet another three hundred thousand for nine months."—Source 13.3: Clement L. Vallandigham, The Civil War in America

Yes

Conclusion: Conscription policies, which aggravated both class- and race-based tensions, spurred protests against the war in the Union and the Confederacy. Evidence: "At 3 o'clock of that day the mob arrived and immediately commenced an attack with terrific yells, and a shower of stones and bricks, upon the house. In the next room to where I was sitting was a poor woman, who had been confined with a child on Sunday, three days previous. Some of the rioters broke through the front door with pickaxes, and came rushing into the room where this poor woman lay, and commenced to pull the clothes from off her. Knowing that their rage was chiefly directed against men, I hid my son behind me and ran with him through the back door, down the basement."—Source 13.2: Testimony of New York City Draft Riot Victim Mrs. Statts

Yes

Mrs. Statts's description of the violence she witnessed during the draft riots indicates that the rioters attacked

any black people they ran across.

When Union forces took control of Atlanta, Georgia, it

cut the South in two and ensured its defeat.

The authors of this peace petition argued that the Confederacy had treated North Carolina unfairly by

failing to recognize its citizens' extraordinary valor and patriotism.

Southerners were opposed to forced service in the Confederate army because they

felt it undermined the tradition of states' rights.

Most battles of the Civil War were fought

in states under Confederate control.

The descriptions contained within Thomas's letters suggest that she and the other white members of her community were

increasingly discouraged about the South's future.

As Sherman's troops marched across the South, thousands of slaves joined them, so the troops

refused to take the slaves north with them.

When Lincoln was inaugurated in March 1861, some legislators in the Upper South

still hoped for a compromise.

Secession by the first seven states created anxiety for northern textile manufacturers because they feared

the permanent loss of the cotton crop.

According to Manning, U.S. soldiers began opposing slavery after

witnessing slavery firsthand.