Ch 13 MGT

______ suggested that when people experience need frustration, they will focus all the more on meeting needs at the next lowest level in the hierarchy.

Alderfer

According to ______, the needs to feel good about one's self, one's capabilities, to be respected by others, and to receive recognition and appreciation are known as esteem needs.

Maslow's hierarchy

According to expectancy theory, high _____________, results from high levels of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.

motivation

Which of the following are reasons that bonuses tend to have more motivational impact? (Choose all that apply.)

A current salary may be affected by factors other than performance. Salary levels tend to vary less than performance. A large percentage of a salary is based on factors unrelated to current performance.

According to goal-setting theory, people are better able to focus their inputs to achieve goals if they are both specific and difficult. The nature of these goals causes many people to develop ______ plans, which include strategies to attain the goals and timetables or schedules for completion of different activities crucial to goal attainment.

Action

Organizations try to increase employee motivation and performance by understanding the link between which of the following two factors?

Desired behaviors and outcomes

Which theory suggests that to stimulate high motivation and performance, goals must be specific and difficult?

Goal-Setting

Elizabeth is trying to motivate her workers to contribute their inputs in the direction of achieving organizational priorities. Which theory does this illustrate?

Goal-setting

Which of the following combinations does research suggest is important for middle and first-line managers?

High need for achievement, high need for power

A general lack of fairness in the treatment of organizational members is ______.

Inequity

When employees are not treated fairly, there is ______.

Inequity

In general, why is understanding motivation so important to management in organizations?

It explains why people behave the way they do.

A manager should try to determine what needs a person is trying to satisfy at work and ensure that the person receives outcomes that help satisfy those needs when the person performs at a high level, according to the ______.

Needs theory

Which of the following would be considered positive reinforcers? (Choose all that apply.)

Pay Praise Promotion

Which of the following statements is true about people and their motivation? (Choose all that apply.)

People can be extrinsically motivated. People can be intrinsically motivated. People can be both intrinsically and extrinsically motivated.

Which of the following are ways in which people can be motivated? (Choose all that apply.)

Prosocially Intrinsically Extrinsically

______ is a person's belief about his or her ability to perform a behavior successfully.

Self-efficacy

______ learning theory considers how people's thoughts and beliefs and observations of other people's behavior influence learning and motivation.

Social

Autonomy, responsibility and enjoyable work are all outcomes that result in ___________ motivated behavior.

intrinsically

Pressure or tension inside people, which motivates them to restore equity by bringing the outcome-input ratios back into balance, is ______.

inequity

When members self-manage their behavior, managers do not need to spend as much time _____ behavior through the administration of consequences.

controlling

In which of the following ways do specific, difficult goals affect motivation? (Choose all that apply.)

They help people focus their inputs in the right direction. They motivate people to contribute more inputs to their jobs.

Which of the following outcomes result in intrinsically motivated behavior? (Choose all that apply.)

Enjoyable work Autonomy Responsibility

The justice, impartiality, and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled is ______.

Equity

Treating all organizational members fairly, justly, and without bias is known as treating them with ______.

Equity

Which theory focuses on motivating workers to contribute their inputs in the direction of achieving organizational goals?

Goal-setting

According to expectancy theory, a key reason why employees are motivated to perform at a high level is that ______.

they believe that high performance will lead to desired outcomes

Also called observational learning, ______ learning occurs when a person becomes motivated to perform a behavior by watching another person perform it and is reinforced for doing so.

vicarious

Scott, a new employee, has been observing and training with Jill, an experienced employee, all week. After working with her, he is excited about his new job and motivated to perform the behaviors that Jill taught him. This is an example of ______ learning.

vicarious

To promote ______, learners need to observe a model performing behavior, accurately perceive the behavior, remember the behavior, possess the skills needed to perform the behavior, and recognize that the model receives positive reinforcement for the behavior.

vicarious learning

Hunter is concerned about establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations, being liked, and getting along with other people. Hunter has a strong need for ______.

affiliation

Research suggests that nature has many salutary effects and a lack of such exposure ______.

can actually impair well-being and performance

Tia is confident that she will be successful in her new job because she believes that she has the ability to perform the specific tasks it requires. This is an example of self-______.

efficacy

According to _________ theory, motivation is influenced by the comparison of one's own output-input ratio with the outcome-input ratio of a referent.

equity

According to Maslow's hierarchy, the need to feel good about one's self, one's capabilities, to be respected by others, and to receive recognition and appreciation is known as ______.

esteem needs

The belief that people will behave based on their perceived likelihood that their effort will lead to a certain outcome and on how highly they value that outcome defines the ______ theory

expectancy

According to expectancy theory, members of an organization are motivated to put forth a high level of effort only if they think that doing so will result in ______.

high performance

According to Herzberg, satisfying __________ needs does not result in high levels of motivation or job satisfaction like meeting _________ needs do.

hygiene motivator

_____________ is central to management because it explains why people behave the way they do in organizations.

motivation

According to expectancy theory, instrumentality is a person's perception about the extent to which performance at a certain level results in the attainment of ______.

outcomes

In addition to being intrinsically motivated or extrinsically motivated, people can also be ______ motivated.

prosocially

Negative _______ is used to promote the performance of functional behaviors, while _________ is used to stop the performance of dysfunctional behaviors.

reinforcement punishment

When subordinates are controlling and motivating themselves, this is known as ______.

self-management

According to ______ theory, self-efficacy influences motivation both when the managers provide reinforcements as well as when the employees provide it. This is critical because employees need to believe they can perform at a high level and achieve difficult goals.

social learning

The theory that takes into account how learning and motivation are influenced by people's thoughts and beliefs and their observations of other people's behavior is ______ theory.

social learning

Emma is trying to increase motivation among her employees by focusing on the link between their performance and outcomes. What type of theory is Emma most likely using?

Learning

According to the psychologist Alderfer, if individuals experience need frustration, they will focus all the more on meeting needs at the next ______ level in the hierarchy.

Lowest

Which motivation theory suggests that motivation is high when workers believe that high levels of effort lead to high performance and high performance leads to the attainment of desired outcomes?

Expectancy

To promote vicarious learning, managers should strive to have the learner meet the following conditions. (Choose all that apply.)

The learner observes the model performing the behavior. The learner remembers the behavior. The learner accurately perceives the model's behavior. The learner has the skills and abilities to perform the behavior.

Which of the following needs motivate workers? (Choose all that apply.)

Time to care for loved ones Exposure to nature Work-life balance

True or false: According to equity theory, both underpayment inequity and overpayment inequity create tension that motivates most people to restore equity by bringing the ratios back into balance.

True

True or false: Although achievement, affiliation and power are needs that are present in each of us to some degree, their importance in the workplace depends on the position one occupies.

True

Keisha is trying to figure out how best to motivate her team. She provides them with a brief survey to figure out what outcomes appeal to each of them. In doing this, Keisha is trying to assess ______.

Valence

When attempting to motivate employees, managers must know which outcomes have high ___________ for them and ensure that those outcomes are provided when employees perform at a high level.

Valence

______ tend to have more motivational power than salaries because a large percentage of a salary is based on factors unrelated to current performance.

bonusses

Goal-setting theory suggests that to stimulate high motivation and performance, goals must be: (Choose all that apply.)

difficult. specific.

According to Herzberg, when hygiene needs are not met, workers are ______, and when hygiene needs are met, workers are ______.

dissatisfied; not dissatisfied

Curtailing the performance of dysfunctional behaviors by eliminating whatever is reinforcing them is known as ______.

extinction

According to theories of merit pay, when individual performance can be accurately determined, individual motivation is likely to be highest when merit pay is based on ______.

individual performance

A professor who enjoys helping students and is motivated by having a secure job with a good retirement is ______ motivated.

intrinsically and extrinsically

Janice, an accountant, is compensated based on her performance which is measured in terms of report timeliness and accuracy. This is an example of a(n) ______ pay plan.

merit

Jon is trying to motivate Kevin to perform at a higher level by helping Kevin satisfy his need for self-actualization with increased responsibility for training and development. Jon's approach to motivating Kevin is based on which of the following theories?

need

According to the operant conditioning theory, people learn to behave in ways that lead to desirable outcomes, and they learn ______.

not to behave in ways that lead to undesirable outcomes

The theory that people learn to perform behaviors that lead to desired consequences and learn not to perform behaviors that lead to undesired consequences is ______ theory.

operant conditioning

According to the equity theory, motivation is influenced by the comparison of one's own outcome-input ratio with the outcome-input ratio of a(n) ______.

referent

According to the expectancy theory, in order for people's motivation to be high, ______ must be high. (Choose all that apply.)

valence instrumentality expectancy