CH 14
What did Southerners call Northerners who came to the South for political or economic reasons or to help the freedpeople adjust to their new lives?
"Carpetbaggers"
How many southern whites had to pledge an oath of allegiance under Lincoln's plan to have their state readmitted to the Union after the Civil War?
10 percent
What did sharecropping represent for many African Americans in the Reconstruction South?
A state of virtual slavery
With which of the following statement would both Dunning and Franklin agree about Reconstruction state governments?
African Americans in charge of these governments were generally unfit for their task.
In what ways was sharecropping similar to the institution of slavery?
African Americans labored on the farms of white plantation owners.
What does Franklin primarily blame for the failure of Reconstruction state governments?
African Americans' unpreparedness to lead
After the end of the Civil War, how did congressional Republicans think the South should be treated?
As "conquered provinces"
Why did black churches become such important community institutions following the Civil War?
Black churches were large structures that hosted many other organizations.
Which of the following describes Richard Cain?
Carpetbagger
What was the significance of the election of 1872 for Reconstruction?
Democrats gained a majority in the House of Representatives, giving them a chance to dismantle Reconstruction.
What two forces drove many freed blacks from the South during Reconstruction?
Economic hardship and racial bigotry
Why was education so unobtainable for so many in the South, black or white, following the Civil War?
Funding for teachers and supplies never kept up with demand.
How does Pike characterize the white members of South Carolina's legislature?
He calls them important and respectable men who represent the old civilization.
What did Thomas Nast imply by the question mark in his title, "Colored Rule in a Reconstructed (?) State"?
He questioned whether the South was reconstructed.
Why, according to Elliott, should the Congress disregard Alexander Stephens's arguments against the passage of the bill?
He was one of the founders of the Confederacy in 1860.
Dunning asserts that African Americans who participated in Reconstruction governments did not seek the guidance from Southern whites. What does this demonstrate about the historian's bias?
He was so blinded by racism that he felt it was in the best interest of these African Americans to contradict their own self interests.
Why did the Republican Party choose Rutherford B. Hayes as its presidential candidate in 1876?
He was untainted by the corruption of the Grant administration.
Which of the following was an obstacle that African Americans faced in their efforts to reunite after slavery?
Incomplete records on plantations and government offices
Though certain freedoms were granted, what did the Black Codes explicitly regulate?
Interracial relationships
How did the Fourteenth Amendment effectively nullify the Dred Scott decision of 1857?
It extended equal protection and due process to all.
What did the Fifteenth Amendment, passed by Congress in 1869, establish?
It prohibited states from abridging voting rights on the basis of race.
In what way is this conflict over land ownership indicative of the Reconstruction Era more broadly?
It proves the complexities of being free.
What is the significance of Marshal Ware hiding while the Klan invaded and searched his home?
It shows the level of fear and intimidation at the time.
What argument does Cain make to justify the large purchase of land for resale to freedmen?
It will ultimately bring money into the treasury.
Why did the American Woman Suffrage Association support ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment when the National Woman Suffrage Association opposed it?
Its members believed that black male suffrage would one day lead to women's voting rights.
Why had many former leaders of the Confederacy been able to win election to state constitutional conventions and Congress by December 1865?
Johnson's liberal Reconstruction policies had made their reentry easy.
In what way was Cain's idea out of the norm for antebellum Southern Democrat political tactics and goals?
Large involvement of the federal government
During the 1872 presidential election, which group supported ending Reconstruction because of its perceived corruption and expansion of government power?`
Liberal Republicans
In the 1865 Mississippi Black Code (Source 14.6), what was the contracted penalty for intermarriage between a "free negro" and a white person?
Life in prison
Based on Colonel Eliphalet Whittlesey's report, what were the fears of Southern whites that he was trying to address in his statement?
Mass exodus of freedmen leaving no laborers
Conclusion: By the mid-1870s even some radical Republicans had wearied of white resistance to blacks' equality and, swayed by the idea that the interracial Republican governments in southern states were ineffective and corrupt, they began to retreat from Reconstruction. Evidence: "The results of the war, as seen in reconstruction, have settled forever the political status of my race. The passage of this bill will determine the civil status, not onlyof the Negro, but of any other class of citizens who may feel themselves discriminatedagainst. It will form the cap-stone of that temple of liberty, begun on thiscontinent under discouraging circumstances, carried on in spite of the sneers of monarchists and the cavils of pretended friends of freedom, until at last it stands, in all its beautiful symmetry and proportions, a building the grandest which the world has ever seen, realizing the most sanguine expectations and the highest hopes of those who, in the name of equal, impartial, and universal liberty, laid the foundation-stone."—Source 14.3: Robert Brown Elliott, In Defense of the Civil Rights Bill
No
Conclusion: By the mid-1870s even some radical Republicans had wearied of white resistance to blacks' equality and, swayed by the idea that the interracial Republican governments in southern states were ineffective and corrupt, they began to retreat from Reconstruction. Evidence: "We protest against any code of black laws the Legislature of this State may enact, and pray to be governed by the same laws that control other men. The right to assemble in peaceful convention, to discuss the political questions of the day; the right to enter upon all the avenues of agriculture, commerce, trade; to amass wealth by thrift and industry; the right to develop our whole being by all the appliances that belong to civilized society, cannot be questioned by any class of intelligent legislators."—Source 14.1: Colored People's Convention of South Carolina, Memorial to Congress
No
Conclusion: Southern blacks eagerly embraced emancipation and, although they recognized that whites might try to restrain their newfound freedom, sought full and equal participation in American political and civil institutions. Evidence: Source 14.5: "Worse Than Slavery," Political Cartoon
No
Conclusion: Thanks in part to policies enacted by radical Republicans in the U.S. Congress, African Americans in the former Confederacy overcame many obstacles to their political participation, created political organizations, and won elected offices. Evidence: "Here, then, is the outcome, the ripe, perfected fruit of the boasted civilization of the South, after two hundred years of experience. A white community, that had gradually risen from small beginnings, till it grew into wealth, culture, and refinement, and became accomplished in all the arts of civilization; that successfully asserted its resistance to a foreign tyranny by deeds of conspicuous valor, which achieved liberty and independence through the fire and tempest of civil war, and illustrated itself in the councils of the nation by orators and statesmen worthy of any age or nation."—Source 14.4: James Shepherd Pike, The Prostrate State
No
Conclusion: Thanks in part to policies enacted by radical Republicans in the U.S. Congress, African Americans in the former Confederacy overcame many obstacles to their political participation, created political organizations, and won elected offices. Evidence: Source 14.5: "Worse Than Slavery," Political Cartoon
No
This political cartoon exemplifies
Northern dissatisfaction with Reconstruction's results.
How do the freedmen expect to receive the title to the property?
Only after slaves pay for the tracts
What was the message that Thomas Nast attempted to convey in "Colored Rule in a Reconstructed (?) State"?
Perhaps blacks should be returned to a second class citizen.
What can be inferred about Klan violence from Ellen Parton's testimony (see Source 14.8)?
Rape was a tool of intimidation wielded by the Klan.
Which of the following statements accurately summarizes the presidential election of 1876?
Samuel J. Tilden won the popular vote.
What is implied by the fact that several of the freedpeople who signed the Sharecropping Agreement were previously enslaved to Bocock?
Sharecropping is, in many ways, slavery under a different name.
Which of the following is not a reason why African Americans and plantation owners engaged in sharecropping?
Sharecropping was mandated by the government to maintain the productivity of the Southern economy now that slavery was abolished.
How does the artist depict the freedman in the Freedmen's Bureau Bill?
Sloppily-dressed and lazy
Why did the Fifteenth Amendment spark serious conflicts among old abolitionist allies in 1869?
Some abolitionists feared that the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments restricted women's rights.
Which of the following is an accurate summary of James Shepherd Pike's argument about the result of Reconstruction in South Carolina?
South Carolina is being ruled by the bottom ranks of its society.
Who was likely to benefit the most from the publication of this image?
Southern Democrats
What does the Freedmen's Bureau Bill say about northern white views towards freedmen after the Civil War?
Steeped in racism and stereotypes
According to Pike, what is the chief reason that the government of South Carolina is unjust?
The African American majority does not represent the state's white constituency.
What does Elliott say motivates him to speak in favor of the passage of the civil rights bill?
The U.S. Constitution
What is the biggest difference between the message of Whittlesey's report and the Freedmen's Bureau Bill?
The depiction of freedmen
Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "We have been encouraged by government to take up these lands in small tracts, receiving Certificates of the same- we have thus far Taken Sixteen thousand (16000) acres of Land here on This Island. We are ready to pay for this land When Government calls for it and now after What has been done will the good and just government take from us all this right and make us Subject to the will of those who have cheated and Oppressed us for many years God Forbid! We the freedmen of this Island and of the State of South Carolina-Do therefore petition to you as the President of these United States, that some provisions be made by which Every colored man can purchase land. and Hold it as his own..." According to the Freedmen's Committee of Edisto Island, why should the island's land belong to them?
The federal government gave them title to the land.
The memorial to Congress from the Colored People's Convention of South Carolina supports which of the following conclusions?
The freedpeople who made up this group's membership were already knowledgeable about the Constitution and their civil rights as Americans.
What was the result of a loophole in the Fifteenth Amendment?
The law did not deny states the power to restrict suffrage.
In addition to the Freedmen's Bureau, to what does Whittlesey attribute much of the smooth transition between war and peace for the freedmen?
The paternalism and kindness of former slave owners
Which of the following outcomes was part of Richard H. Cain's appeal for the sale of land to southern freedmen (see Source 14.7)?
The sale of land will lessen the dependency of freedmen on the government.
Why did some slaves not find out about emancipation for months, even years, after the Civil War ended?
Their masters, especially in remote locations, withheld the news.
What effect did Supreme Court rulings in cases such as Slaughterhouse (1873) and United States v. Cruikshank (1876) have on black civil rights?
These cases narrowed the Fourteenth Amendment, reducing black civil rights.
What can the reader infer about why the Colored People's Convention of South Carolina submitted this appeal to Congress in 1865?
They anticipated the development of a legal system in which whites and blacks were afforded different rights and restrictions.
How did the majority of Southerners view those whites who participated in new Reconstruction governments?
They decried them as scalawags.
How did Southerners create a public school system during the years of congressional Reconstruction?
They formed interracial political coalitions.
Why did southern blacks enter into tenant contracts with large landowners to become sharecroppers from the late 1860s onward?
They lacked the capital to buy farms on their own.
How did southern whites respond to the joy slaves felt over their liberation?
They responded with violent anger and frustration.
How did southern blacks of the Reconstruction period feel about politics?
They saw it as a community responsibility.
Why did the Democratic Party endorse Horace Greeley, the editor of the New York Tribune, for the presidential election of 1872?
They thought the Liberal Republican had the best chance of defeating Grant.
How do the petitioners justify their claim to the land that they do not own?
They were loyal to the US when slave owners were not.
What was the attitude of freedpeople toward education after the end of the Civil War?
They were very interested in gaining an education.
Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Contract made the 3rd day of January in the year 1870 between us the free people who have signed this paper of one part, and our employer, Willis P. Bocock, of the other part. . . . We are to furnish the necessary labor . . . and are to have all proper work done, ditching, fencing, repairing, etc., as well as cultivating and saving the crops of all kinds, so as to put and keep the land we occupy and tend in good order for cropping, and to make a good crop ourselves; and to do our fair share of job work about the place. . . . We are to be responsible for the good conduct of ourselves, our hands, and families, and agree that all shall be respectful to employer, owners, and manager, honest, industrious, and careful about every thing . . . and then our employer agrees that he and his manager shall treat us kindly, and help us to study our interest and do our duty. If any hand or family proves to be of bad character, or dishonest, or lazy, or disobedient, or any way unsuitable our employer or manager has the right, and we have the right, to have such turned off. . . ." According to the sharecropping agreement, what problems does the landowner fear will arise with the freedmen working his land?
They will be lazy, dishonest, and unreliable.
Why was the Freedmen's Bureau created in 1865?
To assist former slaves adjust to freedom
Why was she instructed not to use anyone's name during the home invasion and rape?
To avoid accusations or prosecution after the fact
Why was it necessary to create the Freedman's Pauper Fund?
To prevent having to use white money on black "indigents"
Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Contrary to the fears and predictions of many, the great mass of colored people have remained quietly at work upon the plantations of their former masters during the entire summer. The crowds seen about the towns in the early part of the season had followed in the wake of the Union army, to escape from slavery. After hostilities ceased these refugees returned to their homes, so that but few vagrants can now be found. In truth, a much larger amount of vagrancy exists among the whites than among the blacks. It is the almost uniform report of officers of the bureau that freedmen are industrious. The report is confirmed by the fact that out of a colored population of nearly 350,000 in the State, only about 5,000 are now receiving support from the government. Probably some others are receiving aid from kind-hearted men who have enjoyed the benefit of their services from childhood. To the general quiet and industry of this people there can be no doubt that the efforts of the bureau have contributed greatly." Why does Eliphalet Whittlesey mention that there are more white vagrants in the area than black vagrants?
To show that fears of blacks causing social disorder are unwarranted
How does Nast depict the black leaders in his illustration?
Well-dressed but acting out
Which of the following groups received the harshest penalties for adultery, interracial employment or assembly?
White men
Why might the children of freed slaves find themselves in a vulnerable position following the Civil War?
Without a legal marriage for their parents, custody issues might arise if their parents separated.
In her appeal for universal suffrage, what concession does Lottie Rollin make?
Women's place is naturally and primarily in the private sphere of the home.
Conclusion: By the mid-1870s even some radical Republicans had wearied of white resistance to blacks' equality and, swayed by the idea that the interracial Republican governments in southern states were ineffective and corrupt, they began to retreat from Reconstruction. Evidence: "In the place of this old aristocratic society stands the rude form of the most ignorant democracy that mankind ever saw, invested with the functions of government. It is the dregs of the population habilitated in the robes of their intelligent predecessors, and asserting over them the rule of ignorance and corruption, through the inexorable machinery of a majority of numbers. It is barbarism overwhelming civilization by physical force. It is the slave rioting in the halls of his master, and putting that master under his feet. And, though it is done without malice and without vengeance, it is nevertheless none the less completely and absolutely done."—Source 14.4: James Shepherd Pike, The Prostrate State
Yes
Conclusion: By the mid-1870s even some radical Republicans had wearied of white resistance to blacks' equality and, swayed by the idea that the interracial Republican governments in southern states were ineffective and corrupt, they began to retreat from Reconstruction. Evidence: Source 14.5: "Worse Than Slavery," Political Cartoon
Yes
Conclusion: Southern blacks eagerly embraced emancipation and, although they recognized that whites might try to restrain their newfound freedom, sought full and equal participation in American political and civil institutions. Evidence: "Conscious of the difficulties that surround our position, we would ask for no rights or privileges but such as rest upon the strong basis of justice and expediency, in view of the best interests of our entire country. We ask first, that the strong arm of law and order be placed alike over the entire people of this State; that life and property be secured, and the laborer free to sell his labor as the merchant his goods."— Source 14.1: Colored People's Convention of South Carolina, Memorial to Congress
Yes
Conclusion: Southern blacks eagerly embraced emancipation and, although they recognized that whites might try to restrain their newfound freedom, sought full and equal participation in American political and civil institutions. Evidence: "Let us approach nearer and take a closer view. We will enter the House of Representatives. Here sit one hundred and twenty-four members. Of these, twenty-three are white men, representing the remains of the old civilization. . . . Deducting the twenty-three members referred to, who comprise the entire strength of the opposition, we find one hundred and one remaining. Of this one hundred and one, ninety-four are colored, and seven are their white allies. Thus the blacks outnumber the whole body of whites in the House more than three to one."—Source 14.4: James Shepherd Pike, The Prostrate State
Yes
Conclusion: Southern blacks eagerly embraced emancipation and, although they recognized that whites might try to restrain their newfound freedom, sought full and equal participation in American political and civil institutions. Evidence: "We ask suffrage not as a favor, not as a privilege, but as a right based on the ground that we are human beings, and as such, entitled to all human rights."—Source 14.2: Lottie Rollin, Address on Universal Suffrage
Yes
Conclusion: Thanks in part to policies enacted by radical Republicans in the U.S. Congress, African Americans in the former Confederacy overcame many obstacles to their political participation, created political organizations, and won elected offices. Evidence: "We, the colored people of the State of South Carolina, in Convention assembled, respectfully present for your attention some prominent facts in relation to our present condition, and make a modest yet earnest appeal to your considerate judgment. We, your memorialists, with profound gratitude to almighty God, recognize the great boon of freedom conferred upon us by the instrumentality of our late President, Abraham Lincoln, and the armies of the United States. . . . We also recognize with liveliest gratitude the vast services of the Freedmen's Bureau together with the efforts of the good and wise throughout the land to raise up an oppressed and deeply injured people in the scale of civilized being, during the throbbings of a mighty revolution which must affect the future destiny of the world."—Source 14.1: Colored People's Convention of South Carolina, Memorial to Congress
Yes
Conclusion: Thanks in part to policies enacted by radical Republicans in the U.S. Congress, African Americans in the former Confederacy overcame many obstacles to their political participation, created political organizations, and won elected offices. Evidence: "While I am sincerely grateful for this high mark of courtesy that has been accorded to me by this House, it is a matter of regret to me that it is necessary at this day that I should rise in the presence of an American Congress to advocate a bill which simply asserts equal rights and equal public privileges for all classes of American citizens. I regret, sir, that the dark hue of my skin may lend a color to the imputation that I am controlled by motives personal to myself in my advocacy of this great measure of national justice. Sir, the motive that impels me is restricted by no such narrow boundary, but is as broad as your Constitution. I advocate it, sir, because it is right. The bill, however, not only appeals to your justice, but it demands a response from your gratitude."—Source 14.3: Robert Brown Elliott, In Defense of the Civil Rights Bill
Yes
The outcome of the 1876 presidential election was disputed in
a few states.
Northerners saw the punishment of Confederate leaders following the Civil War as
absurdly lenient, unlike that levied against opponents in other wars.
In this presidential election, Hayes won
all western states.
As opposed to the African Americans Thomas Nast depicts, the whites in this political cartoon
are obscured from public view.
Johnson didn't punish former Confederate leaders for their role in causing the Civil War because he
believed the end of slavery was punishment enough for them.
Dunning, writing only about thirty years after the end of Reconstruction, treats African Americans who participated in Reconstruction governments
condescendingly and as tools of northern whites.
Franklin generally depicts the African Americans who participated in Reconstruction governments as
conservatives, limited in their vindictiveness toward whites.
Rollin's argument for universal suffrage suggests that women should have the right to vote because they
different from but fully equal to men and entitled to equal rights.
President Lincoln's approach to Reconstruction was motivated by a desire to
heal the Union and help southern blacks.
Newly freed slaves' expressions of joy caused proslavery southern whites to feel
outraged and insulted by the happiness of the freed people.
Southern whites refused to accept the legitimacy of Reconstruction governments after the Civil War, complaining that they were
raising taxes and encouraging corruption.
The chief federal government agency for assistance and support of African Americans in the South after the Civil War was
the Freedmen's Bureau.
In urging his fellow legislators to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1875, Elliott characterizes it as
the capstone of liberty, which Americans have pursued since the Revolution.
Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Here is were we have toiled nearly all Our lives as slaves and were treated like dumb Driven cattle, This is our home, we have made These lands what they are. we were the only true and Loyal people that were found in posession of these Lands. we have been always ready to strike for Liberty and humanity yea to fight if needs be To preserve this glorious union . Shall not we who Are freedman and have been always true to this Union have the same rights as are enjoyed by Others? Have we broken any Law of these United States? Have we forfieted our rights of property In Land?- If not then! are not our rights as A free people and good citizens of these United States To be considered before the rights of those who were Found in rebellion against this good and just Government." According to the Freedmen's Committee of Edisto Island, freedmen deserved to own land on the island following the Civil War because
they did not rebel against the United States.
In their memorial to Congress, the Colored People's Convention of South Carolina implied that
they regarded themselves as fully equal to whites but recognized that many whites might disagree.
This 1874 political cartoon asserts that whites regained prominence in the South through
violence against blacks.
When civilian governments replaced Reconstruction governments in the South, a group of Democrats referred to themselves as "Redeemers" because they saved the
white South from Reconstruction.
When Lottie Rollin wrote of "woman's ennobling influence," she was referring to
women's "natural" domestic and maternal roles, which made them nurturing and orderly.
