Ch. 14 Integration of Nervous System and Functions

Which of the following would you observe in a patient with a tumor of the cerebellum?

balance impairment

brain waves associated with information processing or problem solving are ______ waves.

beta

occur during intense mental activity

beta waves

As a person falls into a deep sleep, the progression of brain waves seen on the EEG starts with _________ waves, followed by _________ waves, then _________ waves.

beta, alpha, delta

Identify the sensory inputs that would stimulate the reticular activation system

breakfast odors; smelling salts; a ringing fire alarm

when the CNS responds to tissue damage by decreasing the pain threshold and increasing its sensitivity to pain, this is called

central sensitization

Procedural memory is stored primarily in the

cerebellum and premotor area of cerebral cortex

changes in the blood concentration of glucose, oxygen, and hydrogen are detected by

chemoreceptors

The region of the limbic system that is involved in the feeling of satisfaction with sex and feeding behaviors is the ___________

cingulate gyrus

mechanoreceptors respond to

compression of receptors

the primary motor area

contains a larger area of control of the hand and fingers than for control of the arm and elbow

upper motor neurons

control skeletal muscles

a primary function of the cerebellum is to

coordinate movement

the largest of the cerebral commissures

corpus callosum

which two tracts represent direct motor pathways?

corticobullbar; corticospinal

The __________ tract and the ____________ tract make up the pyramidal system

corticospinal ; corticobulbar

Which of the following is a descending pathway in the spinal cord?

corticospinal tract

in working memory,

current information is lost when new information is presented

which of the following pairs is mismatched?

cutaneous receptors - associated with the viscera

The senses of taste and hearing both utilize receptor cells that are categorized as

mechanoreceptors

the ___________ ___________ are distributed throughout the dermal papillae and are involved in ____________ ____________ touch

meissner corpuscles ; two-point discrimination

a series of neurons involved in long-term memory

memory engram

specialized muscle fibers associated with detection of muscle length are

muscle spindles

The size of various regions of the primary somatic sensory cortex is proportional to the ___________ sensory receptors in that area of the body

number of

What sense is a source of major input into the limbic system?

olfaction

Visual input is sent to the brainstem via the ___________ nerve, whereas the _____________ nerve sends facial sensation to the brainstem

optic; trigeminal

The brainstem receives sensory input from which cranial nerves?

optic; vagus; vestibulocochlear

Select the structure considered a primary receptor

pacinian corpuscle

which of the following is a visceral sensation? pain touch temperature proprioception balance

pain

which activities is associated with the right cerebral hemisphere in most people?

painting a watercolor landscape

the primary somatic sensory cortex is located in the

parietal lobe

A patient has suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that has damaged the primary motor area of his right cerebral cortex. As a result the

patient cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg

a state of conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors is called

perception

Amputees frequently perceive pain in the amputated structure. This type of pain is called

phantom pain

Rapidly adapting proprioceptors that provide positional information during movement are called ____________ receptors

phasic

Rapidly adapting proprioceptors that provide information on the location of a moving hand are known as

phasic receptors

vision is dependent upon

photoreceptors

If a person decided to jump over a chair, which of the following areas organizes the motor functions needed to carry out this action.

premotor area

If you decide to "snap your fingers," the first neurons to be stimulated are the

premotor neurons

Which of these combinations of general senses depends on mechanoreceptors?

pressure and proprioception

Sensory receptors that release neurotransmitters in response to receptor potentials are called ____________ receptors

primary

which of the cortical areas listed below is most likely to be stimulated first when repeating a word you just heard spoken?

primary auditory cortex

receptors that in general produce an action potential in response to a receptor potential are

primary receptors

The conscious perception of cutaneous sensations occurs in the cerebral cortex, but these sensations are perceived as if they were on the surface of the body. This is called

projection

the ability to localize the position of body parts is called

proprioception

the perception of position and movement of body parts is

proprioception

All of the following nerve endings are found in the skin EXCEPT

proprioceptors

the right cerebral hemisphere

receives sensory input from the left side of the body

as the nervous system ages

reflexes become slower

which of the following is an example of procedural or implicit memory?

riding a bicycle

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

rubrospinal tract - two-point discrimination

which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum?

sleep-wake cycle

a major source of sensory input into the limbic system is the sense of

smell

if you feel someone touch you on the shoulder, the person has stimulated a ________ sense

somatic

when people smoke cigarettes, they damage some of their taste buds. Which type of sense has been damaged by the smoking?

special

In an ascending pathway, axons of the secondary neuron travel from the

spinal cord through the brainstem to the thalamus

Which of the following is mismatched?

spinoreticular tract- light touch

the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus would help us

tell if an object is rough or smooth

free nerve endings respond to

temperature change and pain

the auditory cortex is located in the

temporal lobe

the primary somatic sensory or general sensory area is located in

the postcentral gyrus

Impulses that initiate motivation and forethought originate in

the prefrontal area

superficial pain is highly localized, but visceral pain is diffuse because

the viscera has fewer mechanoreceptors which give location information

in short-memory,

there is increased synaptic activity by long-term potentiation

usually occur in children or in adults experiencing frustration

theta waves

slowing adapting proprioceptors that would let you know the position of your thumb without looking at it are known as

tonic receptors

which of the following is somatic sense smell taste touch sound sight

touch

Wernicke area is necessary for

understanding and formulating coherent speech

two tracts found within the extrapyramidal system are the

vestibulospinal and rubrospinal

the pain a person experiences with acute appendicitis results from stimulating nerve endings called

visceroreceptors

which of the following functions is most likely to be performed by the visual association area?

"recognizes" the face of a close friend

Indicate the order of each of the following in a descending pathway 1. cerebral cortex 2. pyramids 3. cerebral peduncles 4. internal capsule

1. cerebral cortex 4. internal capsule 3. cerebral peduncles 2. pyramids

Which of the following result when the spinal cord is hemitransected (cut) on the left side?

2. loss of pain and thermal sensations below the injury on the right side 3. loss of fine touch and pressure sensations below the injury on the left side 6. loss of fine motor control on the left side below the injury

a factor than activates gene transcription for formation of dendritic spines

CREB

which of the following statements concerning the descending pathways of the spinal cord is true?

Descending pathways consist of upper and lower motor neurons

T/F All aspects of a memory are stored together in the brain

FALSE

T/F The sensory speech area is Broco area

FALSE

T/F Visceroreceptors are receptors associated with joints, tendons, and other connective tissue

FALSE

T/F the sense of taste is an example of a general sense

FALSE

Receptors responsible for the control of muscle contractions are

Golgi tendon organs

which of the following is mismatched?

Ruffini end organs- temperature

T/F The ability to detect simultaneous stimulation at two points on the skin is called two-point discrimination

TRUE

T/F The conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors is called perception

TRUE

T/F The simplest and most common type of sensory nerve endings are free nerve endings

TRUE

T/F the EEG of a normal person exhibits mostly irregular patterns

TRUE

long-term memory may involve

a change in the shape of the neuron's cytoskeleton

a series of neurons involved in long-term retention of a thought is called

a memory engram

lesion of the basal nuclei could cause

a slight shaking of the hands or head

lesions of the limbic system might result in

a voracious appetite

A decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus defines the term

adaptation

Decreased sensitivity to a continues stimulus is called

adaptation

Sensory ________ is the ability the brain has to prioritize the sensory input it receives and to ignore unimportant stimuli

adaptation

damage to the cerebellum is likely to cause a. decreased muscle tone b. balance impairment c. the tendency to overshoot when reaching for an object d. an intention tremor e. all of the choices are correct

all of the choices are correct

the brainstem

all of these choices are correct

the type of brain waves observed in an individual who is awake but in a quiet resting state with eyes closed are _______ waves

alpha

observed in a person who is awake, quiet, and resting, with eyes closed

alpha waves

a person suffering a stroke in the right parietal lobe may lose the ability to recognize faces. This is called

amorphosynthesis

a part of the temporal lobe involved in adding emotional overtones to a memory

amygdala

damage to wernicke area would result in

aphasia

when a person is exposed to temperature extremes, why is it difficult to distinguish hot from cold objects?

at extremes, pain receptors are stimulated by both very hot and very cold objects

Select the inputs to the reticular activating system

axons carrying tactile information; cerebral projections; cranial nerve II; cranial nerve V

Terrance is told by his physician that he has lesions on one side of his spinal cord, which cut the lateral spinothalamic tract. Therefore, Terrance will have an inability to perceive

cutaneous sensations on the opposite side of his body below the level of injury

a patient with a lesion in the hippocampus may have decreased

declarative memory

Pacinian corpuscles respond to

deep cutaneous pressure and vibration

occur in deep sleep, infancy and patients with brain disorders

delta waves

CREB activates gene transcription in neurons that results in the formation of

dendritic spines

which neurotransmitter substance has been implicated in Parkinson's disease?

dopamine

The gate control theory of pain says that pain impulses traveling through the lateral spinothalamic tract can be suppressed by increased activity of the

dorsal column/ medial lemniscal system

The portion of the dorsal column/medial lemniscal tract that carries proprioceptive sensations from nerve endings in the feet and legs is the

fasciculus gracilis

During brain surgery, the superior portion of the primary somatic sensory cortex of a patient is stimulated. The patient is most likely to

feel something touching his back

Identify all of the examples of primary receptors

free nerve endings; meissner corpuscle

lower motor neuron can be described as

having axons extending into peripheral nerves; sending signals to skeletal muscles

a baseball pitcher was hit on the side of the head by a line drive. when he was revived, he could not remember how many balls and strikes the batter had. This was because

he lost both working and short-term memory

If the Broca area is damaged, the result is

hesitant and distorted speech

the part of the brain involved in the actual declarative memory

hippocampus

An example of adaptation of receptors would be

ignoring the presence of clothes

Select which steps are part of the voluntary movement process

initiation begins in the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex; lower motor neurons receive messages from upper motor neurons; the cerebellum and basal nuclei coordinate the information for these movements

the taste area is located in the

insula

the cerebellum functions as a comparator. This means that the cerebellum compares

intended movements with actual movements

a lesion in the red nucleus results in

intention tremors

Which of the following is an ascending pathway in the spinal cord?

lateral spinothalamic tract

which of the following pairs is mismatched?

left cerebral hemisphere- spatial perception

the extrapyramidal system

maintains control of unconscious movements