Ch. 14 Integration of Nervous System and Functions
Which of the following would you observe in a patient with a tumor of the cerebellum?
balance impairment
brain waves associated with information processing or problem solving are ______ waves.
beta
occur during intense mental activity
beta waves
As a person falls into a deep sleep, the progression of brain waves seen on the EEG starts with _________ waves, followed by _________ waves, then _________ waves.
beta, alpha, delta
Identify the sensory inputs that would stimulate the reticular activation system
breakfast odors; smelling salts; a ringing fire alarm
when the CNS responds to tissue damage by decreasing the pain threshold and increasing its sensitivity to pain, this is called
central sensitization
Procedural memory is stored primarily in the
cerebellum and premotor area of cerebral cortex
changes in the blood concentration of glucose, oxygen, and hydrogen are detected by
chemoreceptors
The region of the limbic system that is involved in the feeling of satisfaction with sex and feeding behaviors is the ___________
cingulate gyrus
mechanoreceptors respond to
compression of receptors
the primary motor area
contains a larger area of control of the hand and fingers than for control of the arm and elbow
upper motor neurons
control skeletal muscles
a primary function of the cerebellum is to
coordinate movement
the largest of the cerebral commissures
corpus callosum
which two tracts represent direct motor pathways?
corticobullbar; corticospinal
The __________ tract and the ____________ tract make up the pyramidal system
corticospinal ; corticobulbar
Which of the following is a descending pathway in the spinal cord?
corticospinal tract
in working memory,
current information is lost when new information is presented
which of the following pairs is mismatched?
cutaneous receptors - associated with the viscera
The senses of taste and hearing both utilize receptor cells that are categorized as
mechanoreceptors
the ___________ ___________ are distributed throughout the dermal papillae and are involved in ____________ ____________ touch
meissner corpuscles ; two-point discrimination
a series of neurons involved in long-term memory
memory engram
specialized muscle fibers associated with detection of muscle length are
muscle spindles
The size of various regions of the primary somatic sensory cortex is proportional to the ___________ sensory receptors in that area of the body
number of
What sense is a source of major input into the limbic system?
olfaction
Visual input is sent to the brainstem via the ___________ nerve, whereas the _____________ nerve sends facial sensation to the brainstem
optic; trigeminal
The brainstem receives sensory input from which cranial nerves?
optic; vagus; vestibulocochlear
Select the structure considered a primary receptor
pacinian corpuscle
which of the following is a visceral sensation? pain touch temperature proprioception balance
pain
which activities is associated with the right cerebral hemisphere in most people?
painting a watercolor landscape
the primary somatic sensory cortex is located in the
parietal lobe
A patient has suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that has damaged the primary motor area of his right cerebral cortex. As a result the
patient cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg
a state of conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors is called
perception
Amputees frequently perceive pain in the amputated structure. This type of pain is called
phantom pain
Rapidly adapting proprioceptors that provide positional information during movement are called ____________ receptors
phasic
Rapidly adapting proprioceptors that provide information on the location of a moving hand are known as
phasic receptors
vision is dependent upon
photoreceptors
If a person decided to jump over a chair, which of the following areas organizes the motor functions needed to carry out this action.
premotor area
If you decide to "snap your fingers," the first neurons to be stimulated are the
premotor neurons
Which of these combinations of general senses depends on mechanoreceptors?
pressure and proprioception
Sensory receptors that release neurotransmitters in response to receptor potentials are called ____________ receptors
primary
which of the cortical areas listed below is most likely to be stimulated first when repeating a word you just heard spoken?
primary auditory cortex
receptors that in general produce an action potential in response to a receptor potential are
primary receptors
The conscious perception of cutaneous sensations occurs in the cerebral cortex, but these sensations are perceived as if they were on the surface of the body. This is called
projection
the ability to localize the position of body parts is called
proprioception
the perception of position and movement of body parts is
proprioception
All of the following nerve endings are found in the skin EXCEPT
proprioceptors
the right cerebral hemisphere
receives sensory input from the left side of the body
as the nervous system ages
reflexes become slower
which of the following is an example of procedural or implicit memory?
riding a bicycle
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
rubrospinal tract - two-point discrimination
which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum?
sleep-wake cycle
a major source of sensory input into the limbic system is the sense of
smell
if you feel someone touch you on the shoulder, the person has stimulated a ________ sense
somatic
when people smoke cigarettes, they damage some of their taste buds. Which type of sense has been damaged by the smoking?
special
In an ascending pathway, axons of the secondary neuron travel from the
spinal cord through the brainstem to the thalamus
Which of the following is mismatched?
spinoreticular tract- light touch
the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus would help us
tell if an object is rough or smooth
free nerve endings respond to
temperature change and pain
the auditory cortex is located in the
temporal lobe
the primary somatic sensory or general sensory area is located in
the postcentral gyrus
Impulses that initiate motivation and forethought originate in
the prefrontal area
superficial pain is highly localized, but visceral pain is diffuse because
the viscera has fewer mechanoreceptors which give location information
in short-memory,
there is increased synaptic activity by long-term potentiation
usually occur in children or in adults experiencing frustration
theta waves
slowing adapting proprioceptors that would let you know the position of your thumb without looking at it are known as
tonic receptors
which of the following is somatic sense smell taste touch sound sight
touch
Wernicke area is necessary for
understanding and formulating coherent speech
two tracts found within the extrapyramidal system are the
vestibulospinal and rubrospinal
the pain a person experiences with acute appendicitis results from stimulating nerve endings called
visceroreceptors
which of the following functions is most likely to be performed by the visual association area?
"recognizes" the face of a close friend
Indicate the order of each of the following in a descending pathway 1. cerebral cortex 2. pyramids 3. cerebral peduncles 4. internal capsule
1. cerebral cortex 4. internal capsule 3. cerebral peduncles 2. pyramids
Which of the following result when the spinal cord is hemitransected (cut) on the left side?
2. loss of pain and thermal sensations below the injury on the right side 3. loss of fine touch and pressure sensations below the injury on the left side 6. loss of fine motor control on the left side below the injury
a factor than activates gene transcription for formation of dendritic spines
CREB
which of the following statements concerning the descending pathways of the spinal cord is true?
Descending pathways consist of upper and lower motor neurons
T/F All aspects of a memory are stored together in the brain
FALSE
T/F The sensory speech area is Broco area
FALSE
T/F Visceroreceptors are receptors associated with joints, tendons, and other connective tissue
FALSE
T/F the sense of taste is an example of a general sense
FALSE
Receptors responsible for the control of muscle contractions are
Golgi tendon organs
which of the following is mismatched?
Ruffini end organs- temperature
T/F The ability to detect simultaneous stimulation at two points on the skin is called two-point discrimination
TRUE
T/F The conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors is called perception
TRUE
T/F The simplest and most common type of sensory nerve endings are free nerve endings
TRUE
T/F the EEG of a normal person exhibits mostly irregular patterns
TRUE
long-term memory may involve
a change in the shape of the neuron's cytoskeleton
a series of neurons involved in long-term retention of a thought is called
a memory engram
lesion of the basal nuclei could cause
a slight shaking of the hands or head
lesions of the limbic system might result in
a voracious appetite
A decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus defines the term
adaptation
Decreased sensitivity to a continues stimulus is called
adaptation
Sensory ________ is the ability the brain has to prioritize the sensory input it receives and to ignore unimportant stimuli
adaptation
damage to the cerebellum is likely to cause a. decreased muscle tone b. balance impairment c. the tendency to overshoot when reaching for an object d. an intention tremor e. all of the choices are correct
all of the choices are correct
the brainstem
all of these choices are correct
the type of brain waves observed in an individual who is awake but in a quiet resting state with eyes closed are _______ waves
alpha
observed in a person who is awake, quiet, and resting, with eyes closed
alpha waves
a person suffering a stroke in the right parietal lobe may lose the ability to recognize faces. This is called
amorphosynthesis
a part of the temporal lobe involved in adding emotional overtones to a memory
amygdala
damage to wernicke area would result in
aphasia
when a person is exposed to temperature extremes, why is it difficult to distinguish hot from cold objects?
at extremes, pain receptors are stimulated by both very hot and very cold objects
Select the inputs to the reticular activating system
axons carrying tactile information; cerebral projections; cranial nerve II; cranial nerve V
Terrance is told by his physician that he has lesions on one side of his spinal cord, which cut the lateral spinothalamic tract. Therefore, Terrance will have an inability to perceive
cutaneous sensations on the opposite side of his body below the level of injury
a patient with a lesion in the hippocampus may have decreased
declarative memory
Pacinian corpuscles respond to
deep cutaneous pressure and vibration
occur in deep sleep, infancy and patients with brain disorders
delta waves
CREB activates gene transcription in neurons that results in the formation of
dendritic spines
which neurotransmitter substance has been implicated in Parkinson's disease?
dopamine
The gate control theory of pain says that pain impulses traveling through the lateral spinothalamic tract can be suppressed by increased activity of the
dorsal column/ medial lemniscal system
The portion of the dorsal column/medial lemniscal tract that carries proprioceptive sensations from nerve endings in the feet and legs is the
fasciculus gracilis
During brain surgery, the superior portion of the primary somatic sensory cortex of a patient is stimulated. The patient is most likely to
feel something touching his back
Identify all of the examples of primary receptors
free nerve endings; meissner corpuscle
lower motor neuron can be described as
having axons extending into peripheral nerves; sending signals to skeletal muscles
a baseball pitcher was hit on the side of the head by a line drive. when he was revived, he could not remember how many balls and strikes the batter had. This was because
he lost both working and short-term memory
If the Broca area is damaged, the result is
hesitant and distorted speech
the part of the brain involved in the actual declarative memory
hippocampus
An example of adaptation of receptors would be
ignoring the presence of clothes
Select which steps are part of the voluntary movement process
initiation begins in the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex; lower motor neurons receive messages from upper motor neurons; the cerebellum and basal nuclei coordinate the information for these movements
the taste area is located in the
insula
the cerebellum functions as a comparator. This means that the cerebellum compares
intended movements with actual movements
a lesion in the red nucleus results in
intention tremors
Which of the following is an ascending pathway in the spinal cord?
lateral spinothalamic tract
which of the following pairs is mismatched?
left cerebral hemisphere- spatial perception
the extrapyramidal system
maintains control of unconscious movements
