Ch 15 BIO 1200

which of the following statements describe meiosis I in humans? choose all that apply -two haploid cells are produced -chromosome pairs are separated -genetic diversity is generated -sister chromatids are separated

-chromosome pairs are separated -two haploid cells are produced -genetic diversity is generated

list the types of chromosomal mutations -transformations -inversions -conjugations -deletions -translocations -duplications

-deletions -duplications -inversions -translocations

what two key events occur at the beginning of meiosis but not mitosis? -breakdown of nuclear envelope -crossing over -formation of bivalents -duplication of chromosomes

-formation of bivalents -crossing over

correctly order the phases of meiosis I, beginning with the earliest phase at the top -prophase I -anaphase I -prometaphase I -telophase I -metaphase I

-prophase I -prometaphase I -metaphase I -anaphase I -telophase I

put the events of meiosis in order, beginning with the earliest event at the top -chromosomes decondense and nuclear envelope re-forms -nuclear envelope is completely broken down and spindle apparatus is entirely formed -bivalents are aligned along the center of the cell -replicated chromosomes condense, form bivalents, and crossing over occurs -homologous chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles

-replicated chromosomes condense, form bivalents, and crossing over occurs -nuclear envelope is completely broken down and spindle apparatus is entirely formed -bivalents are aligned along the center of the cell -homologous chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles -chromosomes decondense and nuclear envelope re-forms

which of these are characteristics of meiosis II? choose all that apply. -chromosome pairs are separated -the resulting daughter cells are haploid -the sorting event is similar to that of mitosis -sister chromatids are separated

-sister chromatids are separated -the resulting daughter cells are haploid -the sorting event is similar to that of mitosis

which of these are characteristics of meiosis II? choose all the apply. -sister chromatids are separated -the sorting event is similar to that of mitosis -chromosome pairs are separated -the resulting daughter cells are haploid

-sister chromatids are separated -the sorting event is similar to that of mitosis -the resulting daughter cells are haploid

*match the stages of the cell cycle to the correct cell activity* a cell grows and becomes committed to divide -G1 -S -G2 -M

G1

place the phases of the cell cycle in order. start at the top with G1 -G2 -M -G1 -S

G1 S G2 M

*match the stages of the cell cycle to the correct cell activity* a cell makes protein for chromosome sorting and cell division -G1 -S -G2 -M

G2

*match the stages of the cell cycle to the correct cell activity* a cell divides into two daughter cells -G1 -S -G2 -M

M

*match the stages of the cell cycle to the correct cell activity* chromosomes are replicated -G1 -S -G2 -M

S

centromere very close to end -metacentric -submetacentric -acrocentric -telocentric

acrocentric

after metaphase, the next step in the sorting process of mitosis is known as __________

anaphase

in multicellular eukaryotic organisms, the production of new cells follows a highly regulated sequence of growth, DNA replication, and division. this sequence is referred to as the ______ __________, which consist of the G1, S, G2, and M phases

cell cycle

cell cycle progression is tightly regulated to ensure that the nuclear genome is intact and the conditions are appropriate for -exocytosis -cell division -cell migration -cell communication

cell divsion

what proteins delay the division of a cell that has DNA damage or abnormalities in the chromosome number? -mitotic spindle -kinetochore proteins -checkpoint proteins -growth factors

checkpoint proteins

what is the connection where the arms of the chromosomes are separate but remain adhered at a crossover site? -chiasma -centromere -kinetochore -centrosome

chiasma

Aneuploidy refers to an alteration in the number of particular _____________

chromosomes

during interphase of the cell cycle, the cell grows and copies which of the following in preparation for cell division? -ribosomes -chromosomes -chromatids

chromosomes

homology pertains to similarity due to -common function -common ancestry -different function -different ancestry

common ancestry

in a particular species, the composition of chromosomes remain relatively -variable -unstable -constant

constant

what process involves a physical exchange between chromosome segments of the bivalent? -bivalent formation -crossing over -chiasma

crossing over

in general, mitosis is quickly followed by __________, in which the two nuclei are segregated into separate daughter cells

cytokinesis

the division of the cytoplasm to produce two distinct daughter cells is referred to as

cytokinesis

the purpose of mitosis is to divide one cell nucleus into two nuclei, distributing the duplicated chromosomes so that each ___________ cell will receive the same complement of chromosomes -sister -daughter -mother

daughter

when a segment of chromosomal material is deficient in a significant amount of genetic material, a chromosomal mutation called a(n) _____________ occurs

deletion

which of the statements below are true for chromosomes in eukaryotic cells? -diploid cells have one version of each chromosome -diploid cells have a maternal homologue and a paternal homologue -diploid cells have either a maternal homologue or a paternal homologue -diploid cells have two versions of each chromosome

diploid cells have a maternal homologue and a paternal homologue diploid cells have two versions of each chromosome

chromosome structure can change in different ways. in a(n) __________, a chromosome segment is repeated two or more times in a row

duplication

cell ________ usually occurs during the G1 phase

growth

in a diploid organism, a pair of chromosomes consists of two -alleles -homologs -chromatids -genomes

homologs

a change in the direction of the genetic material along a single chromosome describes a(n) -deletion -translocation -inversion -duplication

inversion

sister chromatids attach to the spindle apparatus if a microtubule makes contact with which of these? -centrosome -kinetochore -microtubule -centriole

kinetochore

sister chromatids become attached to the spindle apparatus if a microtubule makes contact with a protein complex called the __________

kinetochore

polyploidy is generally a lethal condition in -plants -amphibians -reptiles -mammals

mammals

the steps of __________ involve two sequential cell divisions that generate four haploid cells

meiosis

centromere is in the middle -metacentric -submetacentric -acrocentric -telocentric

metacentric

during __________ the chromosomes are aligned midway between the spindle poles

metaphase

the ________ plate is a plane halfway between the poles along which chromosomes align during mitosis

metaphase

during ____________, homologous chromosomes align along the center of the cell as bivalents, or tetrads -prophase II -metaphase II -metaphase of mitosis -metaphase I

metaphase I

the bivalents are organized along the metaphase plate, with the sister chromatids randomly aligned in a double row. what phase of cell division is described here? -metaphase of meiosis I -metaphase of mitosis -metaphase of meiosis II

metaphase of meiosis I

The first part of the M phase in which the chromosomes are divided equally between two daughter nuclei is called

mitosis

a heritable change in chromosome structure that may or may not be beneficial to the organism is best described as -meiosis -mitosis -mutation -variation

mutation

a(n) ___________ is defined as a heritable change in the genetic material

mutation

select all of the events that occur during prometaphase of mitosis -the mitotic spindle is fully formed -spindle fibers interact with the sister chromatids -nuclear envelope completely fragments into small vesicles -centrosomes move apart and demarcate the two poles -homologous chromosome pairs align with each other -sister chromatids of a chromosome are seperated

nuclear envelope completely fragments into small vesicles the mitotic spindle is fully formed centrosomes move apart and demarcate the two poles spindle fibers interact with the sister chromatids

during telophase, the nuclear envelope re-forms to produce two separate _________

nuclei

unlike animals, plants often possess more than two sets of chromosomes. plants thus exhibit ______________.

polyploidy

identify the phase in which the nuclear envelope completely fragments into small vesicles -prophase -metaphase -interphase -prometaphase

prometaphase

in mitosis, a pair of sister chromatids is attached to both poles while in meiosis I a pair of sister chromatids is attached to just one pole via kinetochore microtubules. what phase is described here? -prophase -anaphase -prometaphase -telophase

prometaphase

in ___________ I of meiosis, the replicated chromosomes condense, the homologous chromosomes form bivalents, and crossing over occurs

prophase

which phase marks the beginning of mitosis? -interphase -prophase -prometaphase

prophase

list the phases of mitosis in the correct order. start with the earliest on top. -anaphase -prometaphase -metaphase -prophase -telophase

prophase prometaphase metaphase anaphase telophase

the formation of bivalents and subsequent crossing over occur in what phase of meiosis? -prophase II -prophase I -metaphase I -metaphase II

prophase I

when does crossing over typically occur? -prophase of mitosis -interphase -prophase of meiosis II -prophase of meiosis I

prophase of meiosis I

cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases are _________ that responsible for advancing a cell through the phases of the cell cycle

proteins

what statement about mitosis and meiosis is correct? -homologous pairs are separated both in mitosis and meiosis -mitosis and meiosis both from haploid daughter cells -sister chromatids are separated both during mitosis and meiosis -crossing over only occurs in mitosis

sister chromatids are separated both during mitosis and meiosis

prophase of mitosis is characterized by which of the following? -sister chromatids are visible by light microscopy -nuclear envelope begins to dissociate -nucleolus is visible -nuclear envelope forms -sister chromatids separate from each other -nucleolus is no longer visible

sister chromatids are visible by light microscopy nucleolus is no longer visible nuclear envelope begins to dissociate

astral, polar, and kinetochore microtubules are the three types of __________ microtubules

spindle

in prometaphase I of meiosis, the nuclear envelope is completely broken down into vesicles, and the _____________ apparatus is entirely formed

spindle

centromere establishes a long arm and a short arm -metacentric -submetacentric -acrocentric -telocentric

submetacentric

the process of forming a bivalent is termed pairing, or _________.

synapsis

centromere at end -metacentric -submetacentric -acrocentric -telocentric

telocentric

identify the phase of mitosis where each group of chromosomes reaches a pole of the cell and decondenses -anaphase -telophase -cytokinesis -metaphase

telophase

a(n) _____________ occurs when a segment of one chromosome is joined to another chromosome -duplication -translocation -deletion -inversion

translocation

T/F: in sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, each parent contributes one set of chromosomes to the offspring

true

which of the following is the end result of mitosis in a diploid organism? -two daughter cells that are diploid -two daughter cells that are haploid -four daughter cells that are diploid -four daughter cells that are haploid

two daughter cells that are diploid

a diploid organism contains -three sets of chromosomes -two sets of chromosomes -two chromosomes -four chromosomes -four sets of chromosomes

two sets of chromosomes