Ch. 16 Ped

The mother of a toddler tells the nurse during a routine well-child appointment that she is concerned because, "It seems like my son is falling and hitting his head all of the time." What is the best response by the nurse?

"Due to the size of their heads and immature neck muscles falling is common, but I will let the physician know your concerns."

The nurse helps position a child for a lumbar puncture. Which statement describes the correct positioning for this procedure?

"For a lumbar puncture, the child will be placed in a side-lying position with knees bent and neck flexed to assist with arching the back."

An infant with a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt in place is brought to the clinic because of being drowsy and less responsive. Which question in the health history would provide information to the nurse that the VP shunt is infected?

"Has your child been eating well the past few days?"

The nurse is caring for a child who has suffered a febrile seizure. While speaking with the child's parents, which statement by a parent indicates a need for further education?

"I hate to think that I will need to be worried about my child having seizures for the rest of his life."

The nurse is caring for an infant who is at risk for increased intracranial pressure. What statement by the parent would alert the nurse to further assess the child's neurological status?

"She has been irritable for the last hour....seems like she is just upset for some reason."

A child who has been having seizures is admitted to the hospital for diagnostic testing. The child has had laboratory testing and an EEG, and is scheduled for a lumbar puncture. The parents voice concern to the nurse stating, "I don't understand why our child had to have a lumbar puncture since the EEG was negative." What is the best response by the nurse?

"The lumbar puncture can help rule out any infection in fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord as the cause of the seizures."

A 1-year-old infant has just undergone surgery to correct craniosynostosis. Which comment is the best psychosocial intervention for the parents?

"The surgery was successful. Do you have any questions?"

The nurse is providing education to the parents of a 2-year-old boy with hydrocephalus who has just had a ventriculoperitoneal shunt placed. Which information is most important for the parents to be taught?

"Watch for changes in his behavior or eating patterns."

The emergency room nurse is taking a history of a 1-year-old child whose parent said that she had a "fit" at home. Which inquiry would be best to start with?

"What happened just before the seizures?"

A nurse is providing care to a child with status epilepticus. Which medications would the nurse identify as appropriate for administration? Select all that apply.

-Diazepam -Lorazepam -Fosphenytoin

When assessing a neonate for seizures, what would the nurse expect to find? Select all that apply.

-tachycardia -elevated blood pressure -jitteriness -ocular deviation

The nurse is caring for a near-term pregnant woman who has not taken prenatal vitamins or folic acid supplements. Which congenital defect is most likely to occur based on the mother's prenatal history?

A neural tube defect

What information is most correct regarding the nervous system of the child?

As the child grows, the gross and fine motor skills increase

The nurse is caring for an adolescent who suffered a thoracic spinal cord injury 8 weeks ago. While assessing the adolescent, the nurse notes a blood pressure of 185/95 mm Hg, heart rate of 130 beats/minute, flushed face, and a report of a severe headache. What is the priority action by the nurse?

Assess the adolescent's indwelling urinary catheter to see if it is obstructed.

Antibiotic therapy to treat meningitis should be instituted immediately after which event?

Collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood for culture

The nurse is discussing with a parent the difference between a breath-holding spell and a seizure. The nurse will be correct in telling the parent which information in regard to seizures?

Convulsive activity often occurs in seizures.

The nurse is preparing a room for a child being admitted with meningitis. What is the appropriate action by the nurse?

Gather appropriate equipment and signage for respiratory isolation precautions.

What is a true statement regarding status epilepticus?

It is a common neurologic emergency in children.

A child was just brought into the emergency department after falling off a skateboard. The parents report that their child lost consciousness briefly and they noticed watery drainage coming from the nose. What action should the nurse take first?

Notify the emergency department physician of the information the parents reported

The nurse is assessing a child following a head injury sustained in a bicycle accident. The child falls asleep frequently unless the parents are talking to the child or the nurse is asking the child questions. How should the nurse document the child's level of consciousness?

Obtunded

A 10-year-old boy has been experiencing complex partial seizures and has not responded well to medication. Surgery is planned to remove brain tissue at the seizure foci. Which diagnostic test would be the most accurate in identifying the seizure foci?

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A child is brought to the emergency department after experiencing a series of continuous seizures. The nurse is reviewing the orders for care and treatment. Which order would be of the highest priority?

Serum glucose level

A 9-year-old boy is suffering from headaches but has no signs of physical or neurologic illness. Which intervention would be most appropriate?

Teach the child and his parents to keep a headache diary

A school-aged child with seizures is prescribed phenytoin sodium, 75 mg four times per day. What instruction would the nurse give the parents regarding this medication?

The child will have to adhere to good tooth brushing

The nurse is caring for an 8-year-old girl who was in a car accident. Which symptom suggests the child has a cerebral contusion?

Trouble focusing when reading

The nurse is assessing a child who has suffered a head injury. Which assessment finding would indicate loss of midbrain functioning?

arms adducted and extended with pronation of wrists with fingers flexed

The nurse assesses a child and finds that the child's pupils are pinpoint. What does this finding indicate?

brain stem dysfunction

The nurse is educating a child and his family about what to expect during the child's electroencephalogram (EEG) exam. Which statement by a parent suggests a need for further education?

"I will make sure my child goes to bed early the night before the exam."

A child with a seizure disorder has been prescribed phenytoin to control the seizures. While providing teaching about the medication what dietary instructions should the nurse provide the parent?

"Increase your child's intake of whole milk and orange juice."

Upon assessment of an infant the nurse suspects the child has positional plagiocephaly. What questions should the nurse ask the parents to help confirm if this is correct?

-"How much tummy time do you plan each day for your infant?" -"Besides transporting your infant in the car, how much time do you place your infant in the car seat every day?" -"Do you follow the recommended guidelines of placing your infant on the back to sleep rather than the abdomen?"

The meningococcal vaccine should be offered to high-risk populations. If never vaccinated, who has an increased risk of becoming infected with meningococcal meningitis? Select all that apply

-18-year-old student who is preparing for college in the fall and has signed up to live in a dormitory with two other suite mates -12-year-old child with asthma -5-year-old child who routinely travels in the summer with her parents on mission trips to Haiti -9-year-old child who was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus when he was 7 years old

A 12-year-old child has suffered a concussion after being in an automobile accident. What will be included in the plan of care/treatment? Select all that apply.

-Observation of level of consciousness -Rest

A child with a seizure disorder is being admitted to the inpatient unit. When preparing the room for the child, what should be included? Select all that apply

-Suction at bedside -Padding for side rails -Oxygen gauge and tubing

The nurse is reinforcing teaching with the caregivers of a child being discharged from the urgent care setting following a mild head injury that occurred in a roller skating accident. What should the caregivers be instructed to do? Select all that apply.

-Wake the child every 1 to 2 hours to check level of consciousness. -Observe and report any vomiting that occurs within 6 hours. -Observe for and report to provider any double or blurred vision.

The community health nurse is preparing a presentation on safety measures to prevent injuries in children. Which example of proper safety guidelines should the nurse include? Select all that apply

-a child wearing a helmet while ice skating -an infant in a car seat -a child wearing a helmet, knee pads, and elbow pads while riding a skateboard

A nurse is reviewing the results of a lumbar puncture of a child. The nurse identifies which results as being abnormal? Select all that apply.

-specific gravity of 1.011 -cloudy in color -granulocytes are present Rationale: Normal appearance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is clear and colorless. The presence of granulocytes suggests a cerebrospinal fluid infection. Normal specific gravity is 1.004 to 1.008. Trace amounts of protein, glucose, lymphocytes, and body salts are normal.

A 6-year-old child with hydrocephalus had a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placed 6 weeks ago and now has experienced a seizure, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Which intervention will target the child's priority need?

Administer intravenous antibiotics as prescribed.

A 9-year-old client who suffered a head injury has strabismus. The nurse assesses the client for intracranial pressure (ICP). Which additional intervention is most important for the nurse to perform?

Assess the level of consciousness (LOC).

In caring for the child with meningitis, the nurse recognizes that which nursing diagnosis would be most important to include in this child's plan of care?

Risk for injury related to seizure activity

The nurse is educating the parents of a 7-year-old girl with epilepsy about managing treatment of the disorder at home. Which intervention is most effective for eliminating breakthrough seizures?

Understanding the side effects of medications

A group of nursing students are reviewing cerebral vascular disorders and risk factors in children. The students demonstrate understanding of the material when they identify which as a risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke?

arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)

The nurse has developed a nursing plan for the care of a 6-year-old girl with congenital hydrocephalus whose shunt has become infected. The most important discharge teaching point for this family is:

ensuring the parents know how to properly give antibiotics

A child is diagnosed with aseptic meningitis. The child's mother states, "I don't know where she would have picked this up." The nurse prepares to respond to the mother based on the understanding that this disorder is most likely caused by:

enterovirus.

After experiencing a head injury the child keeps falling asleep when no one is rousing him. When documenting this in the medical record which term is most appropriate?

obtunded

The nurse provides education to the parent of an infant being treated for hydrocephalus with a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt. Which statement by the parent indicates the need for further instruction?

"This shunt is the only surgery my baby will need."

The nurse is educating the family of a 7-year-old with epilepsy about care and safety for this child. What comment will be most valuable in helping the parent and the child cope?

"Use this information to teach family and friends."

A child is brought to the emergency center after sustaining a seizure at home. When taking the child's history which question(s) would the nurse ask the parents? Select all that apply.

-"Can you describe to me the movements your child experienced?" -"Did your child stop breathing during the seizure?" -"Did your child lose bladder or bowel control?" -"What time did the seizure occur?" -"How long did the seizure last?

An infant is brought to the emergency department after falling off the parents' bed and hitting the head. The infant is diagnosed with a concussion and is safe to return home. Which instruction(s) does the nurse provide the parents for home care of this infant? Select all that apply

-"Have someone in the home with your infant for the next 24 hours." -"Return to the emergency department if your infant vomits more than 2 times." -"Return to the emergency department if you notice your infant's pupils are different sizes."

The nurse is caring for a 3-year-old child who experienced a febrile seizure for the first time. What statements by the parents of the child should the nurse address further? Select all that apply

-"I am afraid that our 10-year-old will start having febrile seizures." -"It is so scary to think that our child will likely develop epilepsy now."

The nurse has performed discharge teaching for parents of a child diagnosed with epilepsy. The child has been prescribed Zonegran (zonisamide). Which comments by the parents indicate the need for further discharge teaching regarding this medication? Select all that apply.

-"This medication can make our child very sedated so we need to monitor for this side effect." -"We need to watch our child's gums for swelling since this commonly happens with this medicine." -"We may need to add B-complex vitamin supplementation to our child's medications because this can help mange side effects."

The nurse is providing discharge teaching to the parents of a child recently diagnosed with a seizure disorder. The nurse determines learning has occurred with which statement(s) by the parents? Select all that apply

-"We will be sure to keep the area safe and turn our child on the side during seizure activity." -"We should time the seizure and write down what happens during the seizure."

The nurse is preparing a care plan for a toddler diagnosed with cerebral palsy (CP). Which intervention would be appropriate for the nursing diagnosis of Risk for disuse syndrome related to spasticity of muscle groups? Select all that apply.

-Administer carbidopa/levodopa as prescribed. -Administer benzodiazepines as prescribed. -Teach parents exercises and games to help prevent contractures.

A nurse demonstrates understanding of the various levels of consciousness as they progress from most alert to least alert. Place the levels of consciousness in the order that reflects this progression.

-Oriented to person, place, and time -Disorientation -Obtundation -Stupor -Coma

An 11-year-old child was recently diagnosed with chickenpox. His parents gave him aspirin for a fever and the child is now hospitalized. Which nursing interventions are appropriate for this child? Select all that apply.

-Request order for an antiemetic -Assess intake and output every shift -Request order for anticonvulsant

The young boy was involved in a motor vehicle accident and was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit with changes in level of consciousness and a high-pitched cry. Which are late signs of increased intracranial pressure? Select all that apply.

-The child's toes are pointed downward, his head and neck are arched backwards, and his arms and legs are extended. -The child's heart rate is 56 beats per minute. -The child's pupils are fixed and dilated

The nurse caring for a 3-year-old child with a history of seizures observes the child having a seizure. What information should the nurse document concerning the event? Select all that apply.

-Time the seizure started -Incontinence of urine or stool -Eye position and movement -Factors present before seizure started

The parents of a 10-month-old child bring the infant to the emergency department after finding the infant face down in the bathtub. The parent states, "I just left the bathroom to answer the phone." Which assessments are priority for the nurse to complete? Select all that apply

-airway -respiratory status -circulation

Which nursing assessment data should be given the highest priority for a child with clinical findings related to meningitis?

Signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)

The nurse is preparing discharge education for the caregivers of a child with a seizure disorder. Which goal of treatment is priority for this client?

The child will remain free from injury during a seizure.

A 6-year-old has had a viral infection for the past 5 days and is having severe vomiting, confusion, and irritability, although he is now afebrile. During the assessment, the nurse should ask the parent which question?

"Did you use any medications like aspirin for the fever?"

The nurse is assessing a child and notes horizontal nystagmus. Which question would the nurse ask the parent first?

"Does your child take phenytoin?"

The mother of a newborn with a caput succedaneum asks the nurse how this happened to her baby. Which response by the nurse would be most appropriate?

"During delivery, your vaginal wall put pressure on the baby's head."

An otherwise healthy 18-month-old child with a history of febrile seizures is in the well-child clinic. Which statement by the father would indicate to the nurse that additional teaching should be done?

"I always keep phenobarbital with me in case of a fever."

Gabapentin has been prescribed for a pediatric client. Which statement by the client indicates an understanding of teaching related to the medication?

"I can't take this medication within 2 hours of taking my antacid medication."

The nurse has just admitted a 17-year-old diagnosed with bacterial meningitis. The parents of the adolescent tell the nurse, "We just don't understand how this could have happened. Our child has always been healthy and also just received a booster vaccine last year?" How should the nurse respond?

"I understand your frustration. Unfortunately immunizations are not 100% effective in preventing the infection."

While caring for a child who will be undergoing a lumbar puncture, the nurse explains the procedure to the infant's mother. Which statement by the mother would indicate a need for further education?

"I will cradle her in my arms after the procedure for at least 30 minutes."

The parents of a child with a history of seizures who has been taking phenytoin ask the nurse why it's difficult to maintain therapeutic plasma levels of this medication. Which statement by the nurse would be most accurate?

"Small increments in dosage lead to sharp increases in plasma drug levels."

The parent of a 12-year-old child with Reye syndrome approaches the nurse wanting to know how this happened to the child, saying, "I never give my children aspirin!" What could the nurse say to begin educating the parent?

"Sometimes it is hard to tell what products may contain aspirin."

A 7-year-old client has been complaining of headache, coughing, and an aching chest. The care provider makes a diagnosis of a viral infection. The child's mother tells the nurse that when she first said she had a headache, the child's father gave her half of an adult aspirin. The mother has heard of Reye syndrome and asks the nurse if her child could get this. Which statement would be the best response by the nurse?

"This might or might not be a problem. Watch your daughter for signs of lethargy, unusual irritability, confusion, or vomiting. If you notice any of these, bring her to the emergency room immediately so she can be checked for Reye syndrome."

A child has been diagnosed with a basilar skull fracture. The nurse identifies ecchymosis behind the child's ear. This would be documented as:

Battle sign

The nurse is caring for a child with an external ventricular drainage device. The nurse is concerned about the minimal drainage in the past few hours. What action(s) by the nurse should be performed now? Select all that apply.

Check tubing clamps to ensure they are open. Ensure the tubing is not kinked.

A preschool-age child has just been admitted to the pediatric unit with a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. The nurse would include which recommendation in the nursing plan?

Decrease environmental stimulation

During the physical assessment of a 2½-month-old infant, the nurse suspects the child may have hydrocephalus. Which sign or symptom was observed?

Dramatic increase in head circumference

The nurse is caring for a child who has suffered a head injury and has had an ICP monitor placed. Which prescription by the health care provider would the nurse question?

Initiate an IV of 0.9% NS to run at 250 ml/hr

The young child has been diagnosed with bacterial meningitis. Which nursing interventions are appropriate? Select all that apply.

Initiate droplet isolation Identify close contacts of the child who will require post-exposure prophylactic medication Administer antibiotics as ordered Initiate seizure precautions

Preterm infants have more fragile capillaries in the periventricular area than term infants. This put these infants at risk for which problem?

Intracranial hemorrhaging

The nurse is collecting data from a child who may have a seizure disorder. Which nursing observations suggest an absence seizure?

Minimal or no alteration in muscle tone, with a brief loss of responsiveness or attention

A nurse is assessing a 3-year-old child for possible bacterial meningitis. Which sign would indicate irritation of the meninges?

Positive Kernig Sign

The nurse is preparing an inservice for the staff about shaken baby syndrome. When planning to review risk factors, what should be included? Select all that apply.

Premature infants Infant with colic Financial concerns in the family. Teen parents Rationale: Shaken baby syndrome refers to the violent shaking of an infant or child that results in traumatic injury to the child. Risk factors include single parenting, young parents, a child who is born prematurely, a child having chronic health problems, and financial concerns in the family

Dexamethasone is often prescribed for the child who has sustained a severe head injury. Dexamethasone is a(n):

Steroid Rationale: Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) may be caused by several factors: head trauma, birth trauma, hydrocephalus, infection, and/or tumors. Whatever the reason, the brain swells and becomes inflamed. Dexamethasone is a steroid. A steroid may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and pressure on vital centers of the brain. The diuretic mannitol may be used to decrease edema. An anticonvulsant is used with increased ICP to prevent seizures. An antihistamine would not be warranted for the treatment of a head injury.

During the trial period to determine the efficacy of an anticonvulsant drug, which caution should be explained to the parents?

The child shouldn't participate in activities that could be hazardous if a seizure occurs

The nurse is preparing a child experiencing new-onset seizures for an electroencephalogram (EEG) test. How can the nurse best explain this procedure to the child?

Use a doll with electrodes attached to the head Rationale: The best way for the nurse to explain the procedure to the child is via a doll with attached electrodes that the child can play with, feel, and manipulate the electrodes. This helps to reduce the child's anxiety and aids in cooperation.

The nurse knows that the heads of infants and toddlers are large in proportion to their bodies, placing them at risk for what problem?

head trauma

The nurse is caring for a child with suspected increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Which assessment finding would indicate increased ICP?

hypertension

A nurse is caring for an infant who has just undergone a ventricular tap. In what position should the nurse place the infant immediately after the procedure?

semi-Fowler position with a parent at the bedside

While observing a child, the nurse notes that the child's arms and legs are extended and pronated. During shift hand-off, the nurse reports potential damage to:

the midbrain.

Which of these age groups has the highest actual rate of death from drowning?

toddlers Rationale: Toddlers and older adolescents have the highest actual rate of death from drowning.

The nurse is caring for a child with a suspected head injury. The nurse observes for what response to the child's eye reflex examination that would indicate potential increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

While assessing the child's pupils, there is no change in diameter in response to a light. Rationale: To perform the child's eye reflex examination, the nurse will shine a penlight into the eyes and observe if the pupils constrict, which is a normal response. Lack of pupillary light reflex can indicate increased intracranial pressure (ICP). To perform the "doll's eye" reflex examination, the nurse will place the child in a supine position and move the head gently but rapidly to one side. During this movement, it is normal for the child's eye to move to the opposite side. If the child has increased ICP, this response will be absent. While the other options are potential signs of increased ICP, they do not demonstrate the child's eye reflex examination