ch 16 smartbook

If a child has one parent with an atopic allergy, they have a ________ percent chance of developing an atopic allergy as well.

25%

Any substance that provokes an allergic response is referred to as a(n) _____

Allergen

Which of the following is an in vivo method for detecting allergy?

Allergen injections into skin

A(n) ____ is an exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammation

Allergy

Which of the following is NOT a common gastrointestinal symptoms of food allergy?

Anaphylaxis

Which of the following is the term used to describe a severe American reaction that can lead to severe respiratory and cardiac complications?

Anaphylaxis

________ is a drug that counters the action of histamine and is useful in allergy treatment.

Antihistamine

Which of the following is a respiratory disease characterized by episodes of impaired breathing due to severe bronchoconstriction?

Asthma

_______ is a respiratory disease characterized by episodes of impaired breathing due to severe bronchoconstriction.

Asthma

_______ is defined as a localized allergic reaction classified as type I involving IgE anybody; includes symptoms of hay fever, asthma and skin rash

Atopy

______is the general term for a localized type I allergic reaction

Atopy

________ is the production of antibodies against self antigens.

Autoimmunity

Which of the following are leukocytes that bind IgE and contain cytoplasmic granules with the mediators of anaphylaxis and atopy?

Basophils Mast cells

Which of the following are allergens most often implicated in systemic anaphylaxis?

Bee venom Antibiotic injections

_____ antibodies are IgG antibodies that remove allergen from the system before it can bind to IgE.

Blocking

What name is given to IgG antibodies that are produced in response to desensitization therapy and remove allergens from the system before degranulation occurs?

Blocking antibodies

Allergic reactions to an allergen can induce _____

Both cell-mediated and humoral responses

Which of the following are symptoms seen in asthma?

Bronchoconstriction Ventilatory rales Coughing

Which of the following can be stimulated by allergens?

Cell-mediated responses Humoral responses

Which of the following is NOT an effect of the chemical mediators of allergy on nervous tissue?

Changes in respiration

Which body area is not affected by food allergies?

Circulatory system

Which of the following is NOT a common effect of histamine?

Constriction of blood vessels

Which of the following are common effects of histamine?

Constriction of smooth muscle Increased glandular secretions Wheal-and-flare reaction Dilation of vascular smooth muscle Intense itching

Which of the following allergens which can enter through the skin.

Contactant Injectant

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mast cells and basophils that relates to their role in allergy?

Contain digestive enzymes in cytoplasmic granules

What is the name given to an anaphylaxis reaction which occurs in a localized region such as the skin surrounding an injection of allergens?

Cutaneous anaphylaxis

Which of the following is generally considered the greatest concern regarding anaphylaxis?

Death

Which of the following is NOT a symptom seen in asthma?

Decreased mucus secretion

________ is a controlled exposure to known allergens designed to build tolerance and eventually prevent allergic reaction.

Desensitization

Which of the following does NOT represent the most common inhalant allergens?

Detergents

Which of the following are potential mild and severe symptoms of anaphylaxis?

Difficulties breathing Convulsions Itching Prostration Sneezing

Which of the following is NOT a possible symptom of food allergy?

Diuresis

Which of the following commonly involve type I allergies?

Drug allergy Hay fever Anaphylaxis Food allergy Asthma Eczema

Which of the following methods are commonly used to prevent type I allergic reactions?

Drug therapy Desensitization therapy Avoiding the allergen

Which of the following is observed as a result of eczema in older children and adults?

Dry, scaly, thickened skin

What causes the signs/symptoms of allergy?

Effects of mast cell mediators on targets

Which of the following is NOT a systemic target of the chemical mediators released by mast cells and basophils?

Epithelial tissue

Which body areas are affected by food allergies?

Gastrointestinal tract Respiratory tract Skin

Which of the following is NOT a main chemical mediator of the allergic response?

Glutamine

______ is a name given to compounds too small to be detected by the immune system, however, they can bind to other structures, which results in immune detection. Poison ivy is an example of this in some people.

Hapten

_______ is a name given to compounds too small to be detected by the immune system, however, they can bind to other structures, which results in immune detection. Poison ivy is an example of this in some people.

Hapten

Which characteristics of mast cells and basophils relate to their role in allergic reactions?

High affinity for IgE Contain granules with cytokines Located throughout body systems Tendency to degranulate

________ is the most profuse and fastest-acting mediator of allergy, its effects include stimulation of smooth muscle, glands and eosinophils.

Histamine

Although it can be used interchangeably with allergy, experts use the term _____ to refer to a delayed overreaction to an antigen

Hypersensitivity

____ involved normal immune reactions that are exaggerated or otherwise detrimental,

Hypersensitivity

____________ involves normal immune reactions that are exaggerated or otherwise detrimental.

Hypersensitivity, allergy

Allergy medications function by blocking one or more steps of the allergic response pathway at some point between the production of ______ antibodies and the appearance of symptoms.

IgE

The aim of allergy medications is to block the allergic response somewhere along the route between the production of ______ antibodies and the appearance of symptoms.

IgE

The intended effect of oral anti-inflammatory drugs (i.e. corticosteroids) is to inhibit lymphocyte activity resulting in a reduction in the production of _______

IgE

Which class of antibodies is associated with Type I allergies?

IgE

Which class of immunoglobulins is typically produced by plasma cells that react with allergens?

IgE

_____ is the class of antibodies associated with type I allergies.

IgE

________ is the immunoglobulin class which is most often associated with histamine release.

IgE

Which of the following are pathological components of asthma?

Imbalance in nervous control of smooth muscle Chronic inflammation of respiratory tract Thickened mucus in alveoli

What name is given to diseases that result from an incompletely developed, suppressed, or destroyed immune system?

Immunodeficiency disease

Which of the following does NOT occur in the second encounter with an allergen?

Immunoglobulins bind into mast cell membranes

________ is the study of disease states associated with overreactivity or underreactivity of the immune response.

Immunopathology

What name is given to allergens which find their way into the body in food/drink?

Ingestant

Which modes of allergen entry can be involved in eczema?

Inhalation Ingestion Contact

What is the immediate and intended effect of anti-inflammatory drugs like the corticosteroids?

Inhibit lymphocyte activity resulting in a reduction in IgE

Which mode of allergen entry is NOT implicated in in eczema?

Injection

Which of the following represent in vitro tests used to detect allergy?

Leukocyte-histamine release test Differential blood count Serological testing of IgE levels

Which of the following conditions is not associated with type I allergic reactions?

Lupus

Al thought about 30% of the human population are prone to allergies, the symptoms of the majority of type I allergies are relatively ____

Mild

Which of the following is NOT an effect of chemical mediators of allergy on smooth muscle tissue targets?

Pain and anxiety

_________-activating factor is a lipid released by basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. Its effect is similar to that of histamine and it increases vascular permeability, among other things.

Platelet

Which of the following is a lipid released by basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages that is similar in effect to histamine in its increase of vascular permeability?

Platelet activating factor

Which of the following is NOT a pathological component of asthma?

Prolonged severe bronchodilation leading to lung damage

_______ are more allergenic than other macromolecules.

Proteins

Which of the following describes a "positive" wheal and flare reaction?

Raised and swollen skin

Which of the following describes the appearance of an infant's skin due to eczema?

Red, vesicular, encrusted lesions

Which of the following is not a method used to prevent type I allergic reactions?

Removal of the thymus gland

Which of the following structures are targeted in allergic rhinitis?

Respiratory membranes

Which of the following is a chemical mediator that inhibits central nervous system activity and stimulates smooth muscle contraction?

Serotonin

A second encounter with an allergen would result in which of the following events?

Signs/symptoms appear Mast cells degranulate Allergen binds to IgE on mast cells Massive amounts of cytokines are released

Which of the following is NOT an example of an in vitro test used to detect allergy?

Skin testing

______ anaphylaxis is characterized by sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal.

Systemic

Which of the following types of hypersensitivity is responsible for Blood grouping incompatibility?

Type 2

Which of the following classification systems is currently used to differentiate hypersensitivity reactions?

Type I to type IV

Match each hypersensitivity type with the correct underlying mechanism

Type I- IgE mediated allergic reactions or anaphylaxis Type II- complement activation and cell lysis Type III- IgG complexes deposited in basement membrane Type IV- deleted hypersensitivity and cytotoxicity

Match each hypersensitivity type with its mechanism of action. Instructions

Type I- allergy and anaphylaxis type II- IgG and IgM mediated tissue destructions Type III- immune complex reactions Type IV- cell mediated (delayed) hypersensitivity

Which are the three most common gastrointestinal symptoms of food allergy?

Vomiting Abdominal pain Diarrhea

What name is given to the allergic response detected through skin tests?

Wheal response

Which of the following are common effects of histamine?

Wheal-and-flare reaction Intense itching Dilation of vascular smooth muscle Constriction of smooth muscle Increased glandular secretions

A small amount of _______ extract is injected, scratched, or pricked into a patient's skin to determine atopic or anaphylactic sensitivities.

allergen

A typical allergy skin test involves the sub-dermal injection of suspected _______ followed by observation for inflammation.

allergen

A(n) ________ is a foreign substance that provokes an allergic response.

allergen

A form of atopic allergy marked by seasonal acute inflammation of the conjunctiva and mucous membranes of the respiratory passages is known as _________.

allergic rhinitis

________ ____________ is a form of atopic allergy marked by seasonal acute inflammation of the conjunctiva and mucous membranes of the respiratory passages.

allergic rhinitis

A(n) ________ to a drug is one of the most common side effects of medical treatment.

allergy

The term ______ refers to an exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammation.

allergy

_______ is the unusual or exaggerated allergic reaction to antigen that leads to severe respiratory and cardiac complications.

anaphylaxis

Besides the gastrointestinal symptoms, which of the following are symptoms of food allergy?

anaphylaxis asthma drug allergy hay fever eczema food allergy

Which of the following represents the most common inhalant allergens?

animal hair dust pollen mold spores

A drug that counters the action of histamine and is useful in allergy treatment is a(n) ______

antihistamine

Depending on individual sensitivities, drug allergies can affect ______.

any tissue of the body

Reactions involved in drug allergies can range from mild __________ to fatal _____________.

atopy, anaphylaxis

The production of antibodies against self antigens is referred to as _______

autoimmunity

Mast cells and are ________ leukocytes that binds IgE and contains cytoplasmic granules with the mediators of anaphylaxis and atopy.

basophils

IgE is associated with the allergic response because the Fc region binds to ________ and _________.

basophils mast cells

Which of the following represent the effects of smooth muscle changes in response to the chemical mediators of allergy?

blood flow changes blood pressure changes changes in respiration

A cytokine that causes prolonged contraction of the bronchioles, dilation of peripheral arterioles, increased capillary permeability and increased mucus secretion is ________.

bradykinin

In allergy, a peptide that causes bronchiole contraction, peripheral arteriole dilation, increased capillary permeability, and increased mucus secretion is called __________

bradykinin

Cancer can be a(n) ________ of immune dysfunction.

cause or effect

Compared to cutaneous anaphylaxis, the _______________ of chemical mediators and the ______ of the response are greatly amplified in systemic anaphylaxis.

concentration, strength

Match each allergen type with its mode of entry.

contactant---- enter through the skin inhalant----- enter the respiratory tract ingestant---- enter the GI tract through the mouth injectant---- enter through the skin by forced penetration

Allergens that enter through the skin after making contact with this surface are called _________

contactants

__________ (skin) anaphylaxis is the wheal and flare reaction to the localized injection of an allergen.

cutaneous

Match each type of anaphylaxis with the correct description Instructions

cutaneous---- wheal and flare inflammatory reaction to the local infection of allergen systemic----- sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal within minutes

The release of the contents of cytoplasmic granules by basophils and mast cells, in response to allergen binding to IgE receptors, is called ________.

degranulation

When allergens bind to IgE receptors on mast cells, they release the contents of their granules. This is called

degranulation

Intentional exposure to known allergens in order to build tolerance and eventually prevent allergic reaction is called

desensitization

Atopic dermatitis or ________ is an acute or chronic allergy of the skin associated with itchy, red, scaly lesions.

eczema

Atopic dermatitis or is an acute or chronic allergy of the skin associated with itchy, red, scaly lesions.

eczema

Dry, scaly, thickened skin lesions are seen in older child and adult victims of ____

eczema

________ is defined as an acute or chronic allergy of the skin associated with itching and burning sensations. Typically, red vesicular lesions erupt, leaving the skin dry and scaly.

eczema

The skin lesions seen in infant eczema are described as reddened, vesicular, weeping, and ____

encrusted

Persons who are susceptible to anaphylactic reactions are urged to always carry an injectable form of _______

epinephrine

The drug ________ rapidly reverses constriction of airways and slows the release of allergic mediators in an anaphylactic allergic reaction.

epinephrine

Type I allergies have a strong _______ association.

familial

Which of the following is NOT a possible sign or symptom of anaphylaxis?

fever

A recipient has an immune system reaction to foreign tissues and cells of another individual in _______ and ______.

grafts transfusions

In drug allergies, the actual allergen is not the intact drug itself, but a(n) _______ that is given off during liver processing of the drug.

hapten

Some molecules, called ________, are not large enough to trigger an allergic reaction on their own only become allergens when attached to a carrier protein.

haptens

The actual allergens in drug allergies are ______ that are given off during processing of the drug by the liver.

haptens

The most profuse and fastest-acting allergic mediator is _____, which has profound effects on smooth muscle and glands.

histamine

The main chemical mediators involved in the allergic response include ______.

histamine bradykinin prostaglandins serotonin leukotriene platelet-activating factor

A(n) _____ disease is defined as a state in which immune function is incompletely developed, suppressed or destroyed.

immunodeficiency

The study of disease states associated with overreactivity or underreactivity of the immune response is called _______

immunopathology

Allergies can be diagnosed by ________ methods.

in vivo and in vitro

Symptoms of which of the following are prominent in allergic reactions?

inflammation

Allergens that enter the GI tract through the mouth are called _________

ingestants

Allergens that enter through the mouth are called ________, while allergens that enter through the respiratory tract are called __________.

ingestants, inhalants

Allergens that trigger allergic reactions following entry through the respiratory tract are called _____

inhalants

What is the term that describes airborne allergens that enter the respiratory tract?

inhalants

What name is given to an allergen that gains access to the body via an insect bite?

injectant

Allergens that enter by penetration of the skin are called ________

injectants

A chemical mediator involved in allergic reactions, also known as the "slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis" due to its property of inducing gradual contraction of smooth muscle, is _____

leukotriene

A chemical mediator involved in allergic reactions, also known as the "slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis" due to its property of inducing gradual contraction of smooth muscle, is __________

leukotriene

________, known as the "slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis" for its role in inducing gradual smooth muscle contraction, and is a chemical that is responsible for prolonged bronchospasm, capillary permeability, and mucus secretion of asthmatics.

leukotriene

The signs and symptoms of allergies are caused, not by the allergen itself, but by chemical _________ released by basophils and mast cells.

mediators

The majority of type I allergies are ________.

mild

Which of the following represent the effects of the chemical mediators of allergy on nervous tissue?

pain lethargy anxiety agitation

IgE is produced by _____ cells.

plasma

A hormone-like substance that regulates many body functions and is involved in Type I reactions by affecting nerve cells, bronchioles and blood vessels is a(n) ____

prostaglandin

A(n) ________ is a hormone-like substance that regulates many body functions and is involved in Type I reactions by affecting nerve cells, bronchioles and blood vessels.

prostaglandin

Which type of macromolecule is most allergenic?

proteins

Subsequent encounters with the same allergen are referred to as _____ dose

provacative

The subsequent exposure to an allergen that triggers an allergic reaction is called a(n) ________.

provocative dose

Hay fever, or allergic rhinitis, is a reaction to inhaled allergens or chemical irritants that typically target __________ membranes.

respiratory

Allergens typically enter the body through the skin, ________ tract. and ________ tract.

respiratory, gastrointestinal

The ________ dose is the initial exposure to an allergen that stimulates an immune response.

sensitizing

The initial effective exposure to an antigen or an allergen that stimulates an immune response but generally elicits no symptoms is called a(n) ________.

sensitizing dose

A neurotransmitter that is also believed to complement the effects of histamine is _______

serotonin

Which of the following are portals through which allergens enter the body?

skin gastrointestinal tract respiratory tract

Which of the following are systemic targets of the chemical mediators released by mast cells and basophils?

smooth muscle nervous tissue mucous glands

Signs and symptoms of type I allergies include ______.

sneezing diarrhea redness rhinitis rashes itching

Sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal is called _____ anaphylaxis

systemic

_______ anaphylaxis can sometimes result in death within minutes of its onset.

systemic

Reactions to foreign tissues and cells of another individual occur in _____.

transplants grafts

True or false: Allergy to drugs is one of the most common side effects of medical treatment.

true

Both in __________ and in _________methods can be used to diagnose allergies.

vitro, vivo

An allergy skin test is a useful in __________ method for detecting allergy.

vivo

Skin tests rely on positive _______ responses for positive confirmation of allergic sensitivity.

wheal

The name that is given to the skin test that indicates sensitivity to a particular allergen is _______________ and _________

wheal, flare

Which of the following is not a source of allergens most often implicated in systemic anaphylaxis?

wheat and other grains