ch 16 smartbook
If a child has one parent with an atopic allergy, they have a ________ percent chance of developing an atopic allergy as well.
25%
Any substance that provokes an allergic response is referred to as a(n) _____
Allergen
Which of the following is an in vivo method for detecting allergy?
Allergen injections into skin
A(n) ____ is an exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammation
Allergy
Which of the following is NOT a common gastrointestinal symptoms of food allergy?
Anaphylaxis
Which of the following is the term used to describe a severe American reaction that can lead to severe respiratory and cardiac complications?
Anaphylaxis
________ is a drug that counters the action of histamine and is useful in allergy treatment.
Antihistamine
Which of the following is a respiratory disease characterized by episodes of impaired breathing due to severe bronchoconstriction?
Asthma
_______ is a respiratory disease characterized by episodes of impaired breathing due to severe bronchoconstriction.
Asthma
_______ is defined as a localized allergic reaction classified as type I involving IgE anybody; includes symptoms of hay fever, asthma and skin rash
Atopy
______is the general term for a localized type I allergic reaction
Atopy
________ is the production of antibodies against self antigens.
Autoimmunity
Which of the following are leukocytes that bind IgE and contain cytoplasmic granules with the mediators of anaphylaxis and atopy?
Basophils Mast cells
Which of the following are allergens most often implicated in systemic anaphylaxis?
Bee venom Antibiotic injections
_____ antibodies are IgG antibodies that remove allergen from the system before it can bind to IgE.
Blocking
What name is given to IgG antibodies that are produced in response to desensitization therapy and remove allergens from the system before degranulation occurs?
Blocking antibodies
Allergic reactions to an allergen can induce _____
Both cell-mediated and humoral responses
Which of the following are symptoms seen in asthma?
Bronchoconstriction Ventilatory rales Coughing
Which of the following can be stimulated by allergens?
Cell-mediated responses Humoral responses
Which of the following is NOT an effect of the chemical mediators of allergy on nervous tissue?
Changes in respiration
Which body area is not affected by food allergies?
Circulatory system
Which of the following is NOT a common effect of histamine?
Constriction of blood vessels
Which of the following are common effects of histamine?
Constriction of smooth muscle Increased glandular secretions Wheal-and-flare reaction Dilation of vascular smooth muscle Intense itching
Which of the following allergens which can enter through the skin.
Contactant Injectant
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mast cells and basophils that relates to their role in allergy?
Contain digestive enzymes in cytoplasmic granules
What is the name given to an anaphylaxis reaction which occurs in a localized region such as the skin surrounding an injection of allergens?
Cutaneous anaphylaxis
Which of the following is generally considered the greatest concern regarding anaphylaxis?
Death
Which of the following is NOT a symptom seen in asthma?
Decreased mucus secretion
________ is a controlled exposure to known allergens designed to build tolerance and eventually prevent allergic reaction.
Desensitization
Which of the following does NOT represent the most common inhalant allergens?
Detergents
Which of the following are potential mild and severe symptoms of anaphylaxis?
Difficulties breathing Convulsions Itching Prostration Sneezing
Which of the following is NOT a possible symptom of food allergy?
Diuresis
Which of the following commonly involve type I allergies?
Drug allergy Hay fever Anaphylaxis Food allergy Asthma Eczema
Which of the following methods are commonly used to prevent type I allergic reactions?
Drug therapy Desensitization therapy Avoiding the allergen
Which of the following is observed as a result of eczema in older children and adults?
Dry, scaly, thickened skin
What causes the signs/symptoms of allergy?
Effects of mast cell mediators on targets
Which of the following is NOT a systemic target of the chemical mediators released by mast cells and basophils?
Epithelial tissue
Which body areas are affected by food allergies?
Gastrointestinal tract Respiratory tract Skin
Which of the following is NOT a main chemical mediator of the allergic response?
Glutamine
______ is a name given to compounds too small to be detected by the immune system, however, they can bind to other structures, which results in immune detection. Poison ivy is an example of this in some people.
Hapten
_______ is a name given to compounds too small to be detected by the immune system, however, they can bind to other structures, which results in immune detection. Poison ivy is an example of this in some people.
Hapten
Which characteristics of mast cells and basophils relate to their role in allergic reactions?
High affinity for IgE Contain granules with cytokines Located throughout body systems Tendency to degranulate
________ is the most profuse and fastest-acting mediator of allergy, its effects include stimulation of smooth muscle, glands and eosinophils.
Histamine
Although it can be used interchangeably with allergy, experts use the term _____ to refer to a delayed overreaction to an antigen
Hypersensitivity
____ involved normal immune reactions that are exaggerated or otherwise detrimental,
Hypersensitivity
____________ involves normal immune reactions that are exaggerated or otherwise detrimental.
Hypersensitivity, allergy
Allergy medications function by blocking one or more steps of the allergic response pathway at some point between the production of ______ antibodies and the appearance of symptoms.
IgE
The aim of allergy medications is to block the allergic response somewhere along the route between the production of ______ antibodies and the appearance of symptoms.
IgE
The intended effect of oral anti-inflammatory drugs (i.e. corticosteroids) is to inhibit lymphocyte activity resulting in a reduction in the production of _______
IgE
Which class of antibodies is associated with Type I allergies?
IgE
Which class of immunoglobulins is typically produced by plasma cells that react with allergens?
IgE
_____ is the class of antibodies associated with type I allergies.
IgE
________ is the immunoglobulin class which is most often associated with histamine release.
IgE
Which of the following are pathological components of asthma?
Imbalance in nervous control of smooth muscle Chronic inflammation of respiratory tract Thickened mucus in alveoli
What name is given to diseases that result from an incompletely developed, suppressed, or destroyed immune system?
Immunodeficiency disease
Which of the following does NOT occur in the second encounter with an allergen?
Immunoglobulins bind into mast cell membranes
________ is the study of disease states associated with overreactivity or underreactivity of the immune response.
Immunopathology
What name is given to allergens which find their way into the body in food/drink?
Ingestant
Which modes of allergen entry can be involved in eczema?
Inhalation Ingestion Contact
What is the immediate and intended effect of anti-inflammatory drugs like the corticosteroids?
Inhibit lymphocyte activity resulting in a reduction in IgE
Which mode of allergen entry is NOT implicated in in eczema?
Injection
Which of the following represent in vitro tests used to detect allergy?
Leukocyte-histamine release test Differential blood count Serological testing of IgE levels
Which of the following conditions is not associated with type I allergic reactions?
Lupus
Al thought about 30% of the human population are prone to allergies, the symptoms of the majority of type I allergies are relatively ____
Mild
Which of the following is NOT an effect of chemical mediators of allergy on smooth muscle tissue targets?
Pain and anxiety
_________-activating factor is a lipid released by basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. Its effect is similar to that of histamine and it increases vascular permeability, among other things.
Platelet
Which of the following is a lipid released by basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages that is similar in effect to histamine in its increase of vascular permeability?
Platelet activating factor
Which of the following is NOT a pathological component of asthma?
Prolonged severe bronchodilation leading to lung damage
_______ are more allergenic than other macromolecules.
Proteins
Which of the following describes a "positive" wheal and flare reaction?
Raised and swollen skin
Which of the following describes the appearance of an infant's skin due to eczema?
Red, vesicular, encrusted lesions
Which of the following is not a method used to prevent type I allergic reactions?
Removal of the thymus gland
Which of the following structures are targeted in allergic rhinitis?
Respiratory membranes
Which of the following is a chemical mediator that inhibits central nervous system activity and stimulates smooth muscle contraction?
Serotonin
A second encounter with an allergen would result in which of the following events?
Signs/symptoms appear Mast cells degranulate Allergen binds to IgE on mast cells Massive amounts of cytokines are released
Which of the following is NOT an example of an in vitro test used to detect allergy?
Skin testing
______ anaphylaxis is characterized by sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal.
Systemic
Which of the following types of hypersensitivity is responsible for Blood grouping incompatibility?
Type 2
Which of the following classification systems is currently used to differentiate hypersensitivity reactions?
Type I to type IV
Match each hypersensitivity type with the correct underlying mechanism
Type I- IgE mediated allergic reactions or anaphylaxis Type II- complement activation and cell lysis Type III- IgG complexes deposited in basement membrane Type IV- deleted hypersensitivity and cytotoxicity
Match each hypersensitivity type with its mechanism of action. Instructions
Type I- allergy and anaphylaxis type II- IgG and IgM mediated tissue destructions Type III- immune complex reactions Type IV- cell mediated (delayed) hypersensitivity
Which are the three most common gastrointestinal symptoms of food allergy?
Vomiting Abdominal pain Diarrhea
What name is given to the allergic response detected through skin tests?
Wheal response
Which of the following are common effects of histamine?
Wheal-and-flare reaction Intense itching Dilation of vascular smooth muscle Constriction of smooth muscle Increased glandular secretions
A small amount of _______ extract is injected, scratched, or pricked into a patient's skin to determine atopic or anaphylactic sensitivities.
allergen
A typical allergy skin test involves the sub-dermal injection of suspected _______ followed by observation for inflammation.
allergen
A(n) ________ is a foreign substance that provokes an allergic response.
allergen
A form of atopic allergy marked by seasonal acute inflammation of the conjunctiva and mucous membranes of the respiratory passages is known as _________.
allergic rhinitis
________ ____________ is a form of atopic allergy marked by seasonal acute inflammation of the conjunctiva and mucous membranes of the respiratory passages.
allergic rhinitis
A(n) ________ to a drug is one of the most common side effects of medical treatment.
allergy
The term ______ refers to an exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammation.
allergy
_______ is the unusual or exaggerated allergic reaction to antigen that leads to severe respiratory and cardiac complications.
anaphylaxis
Besides the gastrointestinal symptoms, which of the following are symptoms of food allergy?
anaphylaxis asthma drug allergy hay fever eczema food allergy
Which of the following represents the most common inhalant allergens?
animal hair dust pollen mold spores
A drug that counters the action of histamine and is useful in allergy treatment is a(n) ______
antihistamine
Depending on individual sensitivities, drug allergies can affect ______.
any tissue of the body
Reactions involved in drug allergies can range from mild __________ to fatal _____________.
atopy, anaphylaxis
The production of antibodies against self antigens is referred to as _______
autoimmunity
Mast cells and are ________ leukocytes that binds IgE and contains cytoplasmic granules with the mediators of anaphylaxis and atopy.
basophils
IgE is associated with the allergic response because the Fc region binds to ________ and _________.
basophils mast cells
Which of the following represent the effects of smooth muscle changes in response to the chemical mediators of allergy?
blood flow changes blood pressure changes changes in respiration
A cytokine that causes prolonged contraction of the bronchioles, dilation of peripheral arterioles, increased capillary permeability and increased mucus secretion is ________.
bradykinin
In allergy, a peptide that causes bronchiole contraction, peripheral arteriole dilation, increased capillary permeability, and increased mucus secretion is called __________
bradykinin
Cancer can be a(n) ________ of immune dysfunction.
cause or effect
Compared to cutaneous anaphylaxis, the _______________ of chemical mediators and the ______ of the response are greatly amplified in systemic anaphylaxis.
concentration, strength
Match each allergen type with its mode of entry.
contactant---- enter through the skin inhalant----- enter the respiratory tract ingestant---- enter the GI tract through the mouth injectant---- enter through the skin by forced penetration
Allergens that enter through the skin after making contact with this surface are called _________
contactants
__________ (skin) anaphylaxis is the wheal and flare reaction to the localized injection of an allergen.
cutaneous
Match each type of anaphylaxis with the correct description Instructions
cutaneous---- wheal and flare inflammatory reaction to the local infection of allergen systemic----- sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal within minutes
The release of the contents of cytoplasmic granules by basophils and mast cells, in response to allergen binding to IgE receptors, is called ________.
degranulation
When allergens bind to IgE receptors on mast cells, they release the contents of their granules. This is called
degranulation
Intentional exposure to known allergens in order to build tolerance and eventually prevent allergic reaction is called
desensitization
Atopic dermatitis or ________ is an acute or chronic allergy of the skin associated with itchy, red, scaly lesions.
eczema
Atopic dermatitis or is an acute or chronic allergy of the skin associated with itchy, red, scaly lesions.
eczema
Dry, scaly, thickened skin lesions are seen in older child and adult victims of ____
eczema
________ is defined as an acute or chronic allergy of the skin associated with itching and burning sensations. Typically, red vesicular lesions erupt, leaving the skin dry and scaly.
eczema
The skin lesions seen in infant eczema are described as reddened, vesicular, weeping, and ____
encrusted
Persons who are susceptible to anaphylactic reactions are urged to always carry an injectable form of _______
epinephrine
The drug ________ rapidly reverses constriction of airways and slows the release of allergic mediators in an anaphylactic allergic reaction.
epinephrine
Type I allergies have a strong _______ association.
familial
Which of the following is NOT a possible sign or symptom of anaphylaxis?
fever
A recipient has an immune system reaction to foreign tissues and cells of another individual in _______ and ______.
grafts transfusions
In drug allergies, the actual allergen is not the intact drug itself, but a(n) _______ that is given off during liver processing of the drug.
hapten
Some molecules, called ________, are not large enough to trigger an allergic reaction on their own only become allergens when attached to a carrier protein.
haptens
The actual allergens in drug allergies are ______ that are given off during processing of the drug by the liver.
haptens
The most profuse and fastest-acting allergic mediator is _____, which has profound effects on smooth muscle and glands.
histamine
The main chemical mediators involved in the allergic response include ______.
histamine bradykinin prostaglandins serotonin leukotriene platelet-activating factor
A(n) _____ disease is defined as a state in which immune function is incompletely developed, suppressed or destroyed.
immunodeficiency
The study of disease states associated with overreactivity or underreactivity of the immune response is called _______
immunopathology
Allergies can be diagnosed by ________ methods.
in vivo and in vitro
Symptoms of which of the following are prominent in allergic reactions?
inflammation
Allergens that enter the GI tract through the mouth are called _________
ingestants
Allergens that enter through the mouth are called ________, while allergens that enter through the respiratory tract are called __________.
ingestants, inhalants
Allergens that trigger allergic reactions following entry through the respiratory tract are called _____
inhalants
What is the term that describes airborne allergens that enter the respiratory tract?
inhalants
What name is given to an allergen that gains access to the body via an insect bite?
injectant
Allergens that enter by penetration of the skin are called ________
injectants
A chemical mediator involved in allergic reactions, also known as the "slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis" due to its property of inducing gradual contraction of smooth muscle, is _____
leukotriene
A chemical mediator involved in allergic reactions, also known as the "slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis" due to its property of inducing gradual contraction of smooth muscle, is __________
leukotriene
________, known as the "slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis" for its role in inducing gradual smooth muscle contraction, and is a chemical that is responsible for prolonged bronchospasm, capillary permeability, and mucus secretion of asthmatics.
leukotriene
The signs and symptoms of allergies are caused, not by the allergen itself, but by chemical _________ released by basophils and mast cells.
mediators
The majority of type I allergies are ________.
mild
Which of the following represent the effects of the chemical mediators of allergy on nervous tissue?
pain lethargy anxiety agitation
IgE is produced by _____ cells.
plasma
A hormone-like substance that regulates many body functions and is involved in Type I reactions by affecting nerve cells, bronchioles and blood vessels is a(n) ____
prostaglandin
A(n) ________ is a hormone-like substance that regulates many body functions and is involved in Type I reactions by affecting nerve cells, bronchioles and blood vessels.
prostaglandin
Which type of macromolecule is most allergenic?
proteins
Subsequent encounters with the same allergen are referred to as _____ dose
provacative
The subsequent exposure to an allergen that triggers an allergic reaction is called a(n) ________.
provocative dose
Hay fever, or allergic rhinitis, is a reaction to inhaled allergens or chemical irritants that typically target __________ membranes.
respiratory
Allergens typically enter the body through the skin, ________ tract. and ________ tract.
respiratory, gastrointestinal
The ________ dose is the initial exposure to an allergen that stimulates an immune response.
sensitizing
The initial effective exposure to an antigen or an allergen that stimulates an immune response but generally elicits no symptoms is called a(n) ________.
sensitizing dose
A neurotransmitter that is also believed to complement the effects of histamine is _______
serotonin
Which of the following are portals through which allergens enter the body?
skin gastrointestinal tract respiratory tract
Which of the following are systemic targets of the chemical mediators released by mast cells and basophils?
smooth muscle nervous tissue mucous glands
Signs and symptoms of type I allergies include ______.
sneezing diarrhea redness rhinitis rashes itching
Sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal is called _____ anaphylaxis
systemic
_______ anaphylaxis can sometimes result in death within minutes of its onset.
systemic
Reactions to foreign tissues and cells of another individual occur in _____.
transplants grafts
True or false: Allergy to drugs is one of the most common side effects of medical treatment.
true
Both in __________ and in _________methods can be used to diagnose allergies.
vitro, vivo
An allergy skin test is a useful in __________ method for detecting allergy.
vivo
Skin tests rely on positive _______ responses for positive confirmation of allergic sensitivity.
wheal
The name that is given to the skin test that indicates sensitivity to a particular allergen is _______________ and _________
wheal, flare
Which of the following is not a source of allergens most often implicated in systemic anaphylaxis?
wheat and other grains
