Child Psy CH 7
Thomas and Chess's Temperament Classifications: Easy Child
mostly positive emotions, adapts well to new situations 40% of sample
Considering the link between cognitive development and the development of attachment, concrete operational is to formal operational as ______ is to _____.
mutual attachment; new attachment figures
distal parenting
parenting practices that focus on face to face communication more than physical contact
proximal parenting
parenting practices that involve close physical contact with the child's entire body
Temperament
Individual differences in the pattern of emotional responses to the environment
Secure
- Uses caregiver as secure base - Distress at separation, but comforted at reunion - 65-70% of American babies
Thomas and Chess's Temperament Classifications: Difficult Child
- irritable, irregular routines, reacts negatively to new situations • 10% of sample
disorganized attachment
. Shows fear of caregivers - Displays both avoidant and resistant behaviors - about 5-10% of American babies overall but 80% of abused children
Development of Attachment Attachment in the making
2 - 7 months
In the United States, _____ percent of infants are cared for exclusively by their mothers (no other relatives or babysitters) in the first year.
20%
Development of Attachment Attachment as launching pad
24+ months
Anger, Surprise, and Sadness
3 to 4 months Anger usually triggered by frustration Sadness indicates withdrawal
Development of Attachment Clear cut attachment -Classic secure attachment
7 - 24 months
In the wealthiest families in developed nations, _____ percent of children under 1 year of age are cared for by a babysitter, nanny, or professional day-care provider.
90%
Synchrony
A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of response between a caregiver and infant Helps infants learn to read others' emotions and develop social interaction skills Usually begins with parents imitating infants
secondary emotions:
Also known as self-conscious emotions. Emotions, such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride, that relate to our sense of self and our consciousness of others' reactions to us.
Ethological Theory of Attachment Evolutionary Theory John Bowlby
Attachment is an evolved response that promotes survival Babies come equipped with features that help them maintain contact with adults
Social Smile
Begins at 6 weeks By 3 months, shown mostly in reference to people
Development of Attachment Preattachment
Birth - 2 months
Biological Correlates of Inhibited/Uninhibited (Exuberant)
Brain Wave Activity Heart Rate Cortisol Blood Pressure
What is needed to develop a fear of falling?
Depth perception
Stability of Temperament depends on
Heritability Infant - Caregiver Interaction Goodness-of-fit - a similarity of temperament and values that exists between an individual their social context
Social anxiety has both genetic and environmental causes
If parents provide fearful genes and: • Act fearful they are likely to have anxious children • Provide sensitive parenting (calm and comfort they children, and give them opportunities to challenge themselves) often their children's fear decline with age
How Culture Can Affect Brain Maturation
If you came from an individualism or collectivism-
Working model
In cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences. For example, a person might assume that other people are always trustworthy and be surprised when this working model of human behavior is proven inadequate.
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development in Infancy Trust versus Mistrust
Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met • Can you count on others to take care of you?
Kagan's Temperamental Classifications Inhibited (fearful)
Inhibited (fearful) • React negatively to new stimuli, withdraw • About 20% of four month olds
primary emotions:
Innate emotions that develop within the first year of life and are direct responses to stimuli.
Infants come in to the world with the ability to express the following emotions
Interest Disgust Startle Distress Neonatal smile (reflexive smile)
Self-Awareness
One's realization that he or she is a distinct individual Self recognition - ability to recognize one's self in photographs and mirrors • Rouge test Increase use in first person pronouns • my, I, me, "mine
Freud Stages of Psychosocial Development in Infancy Anal stage
Pleasure comes from the anus and being able to control their own bathroom habits. Anal personality- seeks self-control and cleanliness in all aspect of life.
Anxious-Resistant
Seeks closeness to caregiver, fails to explore - Can not be comforted easily - Displays angry, resistant behavior at reunion - 10% of American babies
Attachment
Strong emotional ties that develop between an infant and its caregivers Child seeks attachment figure when stressed Child uses the attachment figure as a secure base
Emotional Development in Late Infancy Social/self awareness
The following emotions develop around 18 months: Embarrassment Shame Pride Guilt Sympathy
Stress impairs brain development particularly in areas associated with emotions
The hypothalamus grows slower if the infant is repeatedly frightened
anxious-avoidant attachment
Unresponsive to caregiver when present - Little distress at separation - Avoids or is slow to respond to the caregiver at reunion - 20% of American babies
strange situation
a behavioral test used to determine a child's attachment style by evoking infants reactions to the stress of various adults comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom
Temperament Dimensions Effortful control -
ability to regulate attention and emotion, self-soothe
Temperament Dimensions Exuberant -
active and social, not shy
stranger wariness
an infant's expression of concern when a stranger appears
Hayden is 7 months old. He is capable of:
anger.
Fear Develops
around 7 months
According to Mary Ainsworth, a child with insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment will:
continue to show signs of distress when the mother returns after a brief absence.
still face technique
experiment when adult keeps still face expressionless in face to face interaction
Temperament Dimensions Negative mood -
fearful, angry, unhappy
The textbook discusses the influence of caregiver responsiveness on reactive infants. With respect to the dimensions of temperament discussed in the text, an infant who is reactive is MOST likely: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
high in negative emotion.
All emotional responses start --------- Every experience an infant has --------
in the brain activates and prunes neural pathways Shapes their neural connections
Thomas and Chess's Temperament Classifications: Slow-to-Warm-Up Child
inactive, moody, reacts slowly to new situations 15% of sample
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development in Infancy Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt
infants succeed or fail in gaining sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies • Can you learn to do things on your own? • "I can do it."
A newborn has just been inoculated for hepatitis B and cries. Variations in crying from one infant to another correlate with temperament and thus confirm that temperament: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
is biologically based.
Infants who demonstrate intense emotions are described by the textbook as being highly:
reactive.
Social referencing
seeking information about unfamiliar situations by observing someone else's expressions and reactions
A cross-cultural study of young children's emotions (Furukawa et al., 2012) revealed that Japanese children were highest in _____, whereas children in the United States were highest in __
shame/pride
Fourteen-month-old Carlos watches his older brother giggle and roll on the floor while watching a TV show. Carlos then laughs and rolls on the floor whenever this program is on, which is an example of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
social learning.
separation anxiety
the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs. it if remains strong after age 3, then is may be considered an emotional disorder.
Freud Stages of Psychosocial Development in Infancy Oral stage
the mouth is the primary source of gratification- As an adult they will eat drink, chews or talk excessively to seek oral pleasures
Using the still-face technique, one in ______ 4-month-old infants are classified as socially engaged.
three
Pride, shame, embarrassment, disgust, and guilt are emotions that take on new strength during a child's _____ and require social awareness, which emerges from family interactions and is influenced by culture.
toddlerhood
Kagan's Temperamental Classifications Uninhibited (exuberant, positive)
• React positively to new stimuli, approach • About 40% of four month olds
