Child Psy CH 7

Thomas and Chess's Temperament Classifications: Easy Child

mostly positive emotions, adapts well to new situations 40% of sample

Considering the link between cognitive development and the development of attachment, concrete operational is to formal operational as ______ is to _____.

mutual attachment; new attachment figures

distal parenting

parenting practices that focus on face to face communication more than physical contact

proximal parenting

parenting practices that involve close physical contact with the child's entire body

Temperament

Individual differences in the pattern of emotional responses to the environment

Secure

- Uses caregiver as secure base - Distress at separation, but comforted at reunion - 65-70% of American babies

Thomas and Chess's Temperament Classifications: Difficult Child

- irritable, irregular routines, reacts negatively to new situations • 10% of sample

disorganized attachment

. Shows fear of caregivers - Displays both avoidant and resistant behaviors - about 5-10% of American babies overall but 80% of abused children

Development of Attachment Attachment in the making

2 - 7 months

In the United States, _____ percent of infants are cared for exclusively by their mothers (no other relatives or babysitters) in the first year.

20%

Development of Attachment Attachment as launching pad

24+ months

Anger, Surprise, and Sadness

3 to 4 months Anger usually triggered by frustration Sadness indicates withdrawal

Development of Attachment Clear cut attachment -Classic secure attachment

7 - 24 months

In the wealthiest families in developed nations, _____ percent of children under 1 year of age are cared for by a babysitter, nanny, or professional day-care provider.

90%

Synchrony

A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of response between a caregiver and infant Helps infants learn to read others' emotions and develop social interaction skills Usually begins with parents imitating infants

secondary emotions:

Also known as self-conscious emotions. Emotions, such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride, that relate to our sense of self and our consciousness of others' reactions to us.

Ethological Theory of Attachment Evolutionary Theory John Bowlby

Attachment is an evolved response that promotes survival Babies come equipped with features that help them maintain contact with adults

Social Smile

Begins at 6 weeks By 3 months, shown mostly in reference to people

Development of Attachment Preattachment

Birth - 2 months

Biological Correlates of Inhibited/Uninhibited (Exuberant)

Brain Wave Activity Heart Rate Cortisol Blood Pressure

What is needed to develop a fear of falling?

Depth perception

Stability of Temperament depends on

Heritability Infant - Caregiver Interaction Goodness-of-fit - a similarity of temperament and values that exists between an individual their social context

Social anxiety has both genetic and environmental causes

If parents provide fearful genes and: • Act fearful they are likely to have anxious children • Provide sensitive parenting (calm and comfort they children, and give them opportunities to challenge themselves) often their children's fear decline with age

How Culture Can Affect Brain Maturation

If you came from an individualism or collectivism-

Working model

In cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences. For example, a person might assume that other people are always trustworthy and be surprised when this working model of human behavior is proven inadequate.

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development in Infancy Trust versus Mistrust

Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met • Can you count on others to take care of you?

Kagan's Temperamental Classifications Inhibited (fearful)

Inhibited (fearful) • React negatively to new stimuli, withdraw • About 20% of four month olds

primary emotions:

Innate emotions that develop within the first year of life and are direct responses to stimuli.

Infants come in to the world with the ability to express the following emotions

Interest Disgust Startle Distress Neonatal smile (reflexive smile)

Self-Awareness

One's realization that he or she is a distinct individual Self recognition - ability to recognize one's self in photographs and mirrors • Rouge test Increase use in first person pronouns • my, I, me, "mine

Freud Stages of Psychosocial Development in Infancy Anal stage

Pleasure comes from the anus and being able to control their own bathroom habits. Anal personality- seeks self-control and cleanliness in all aspect of life.

Anxious-Resistant

Seeks closeness to caregiver, fails to explore - Can not be comforted easily - Displays angry, resistant behavior at reunion - 10% of American babies

Attachment

Strong emotional ties that develop between an infant and its caregivers Child seeks attachment figure when stressed Child uses the attachment figure as a secure base

Emotional Development in Late Infancy Social/self awareness

The following emotions develop around 18 months: Embarrassment Shame Pride Guilt Sympathy

Stress impairs brain development particularly in areas associated with emotions

The hypothalamus grows slower if the infant is repeatedly frightened

anxious-avoidant attachment

Unresponsive to caregiver when present - Little distress at separation - Avoids or is slow to respond to the caregiver at reunion - 20% of American babies

strange situation

a behavioral test used to determine a child's attachment style by evoking infants reactions to the stress of various adults comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom

Temperament Dimensions Effortful control -

ability to regulate attention and emotion, self-soothe

Temperament Dimensions Exuberant -

active and social, not shy

stranger wariness

an infant's expression of concern when a stranger appears

Hayden is 7 months old. He is capable of:

anger.

Fear Develops

around 7 months

According to Mary Ainsworth, a child with insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment will:

continue to show signs of distress when the mother returns after a brief absence.

still face technique

experiment when adult keeps still face expressionless in face to face interaction

Temperament Dimensions Negative mood -

fearful, angry, unhappy

The textbook discusses the influence of caregiver responsiveness on reactive infants. With respect to the dimensions of temperament discussed in the text, an infant who is reactive is MOST likely: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

high in negative emotion.

All emotional responses start --------- Every experience an infant has --------

in the brain activates and prunes neural pathways Shapes their neural connections

Thomas and Chess's Temperament Classifications: Slow-to-Warm-Up Child

inactive, moody, reacts slowly to new situations 15% of sample

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development in Infancy Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt

infants succeed or fail in gaining sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies • Can you learn to do things on your own? • "I can do it."

A newborn has just been inoculated for hepatitis B and cries. Variations in crying from one infant to another correlate with temperament and thus confirm that temperament: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

is biologically based.

Infants who demonstrate intense emotions are described by the textbook as being highly:

reactive.

Social referencing

seeking information about unfamiliar situations by observing someone else's expressions and reactions

A cross-cultural study of young children's emotions (Furukawa et al., 2012) revealed that Japanese children were highest in _____, whereas children in the United States were highest in __

shame/pride

Fourteen-month-old Carlos watches his older brother giggle and roll on the floor while watching a TV show. Carlos then laughs and rolls on the floor whenever this program is on, which is an example of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

social learning.

separation anxiety

the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs. it if remains strong after age 3, then is may be considered an emotional disorder.

Freud Stages of Psychosocial Development in Infancy Oral stage

the mouth is the primary source of gratification- As an adult they will eat drink, chews or talk excessively to seek oral pleasures

Using the still-face technique, one in ______ 4-month-old infants are classified as socially engaged.

three

Pride, shame, embarrassment, disgust, and guilt are emotions that take on new strength during a child's _____ and require social awareness, which emerges from family interactions and is influenced by culture.

toddlerhood

Kagan's Temperamental Classifications Uninhibited (exuberant, positive)

• React positively to new stimuli, approach • About 40% of four month olds