ch 17

What health measure were undertaken in the late 18th century in Europe? Why?

drainage of swamps. inoculation against smallpox in England. improved urban sewage systems. cleaner water supplies.

Explain the significance of the Treaty of Paris of 1763. (who, what, when, where, how why)

ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France, as well as their respective allies.

What was the impact of road & canal building in the 18th century? Why is this important?

permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine.

Who was Adam Smith? What was his import work called? What was the main tenet put forth by Smith? Why?

(1723-1790) A professor of philosophy and a leading figure of the Scottish Enlightenment. Developed the general idea of freedom of enterprise and established the basis for modern economics in his work, "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (1776). Criticized monopolies and privileged companies for their restrictions. Preferred free competition. Proposed that the government should limit itself to only three duties: defense, order, and sponsoring the public. Supported economic liberalism and stated that there is the law of supply and demand. Capitalism.

What was the impact of the enclosure movement on peasants in the English & Scottish countryside? What did they lose?

-many peasants forced off ex-common land -many peasants moved to cities to look for work -hurt women -rise of the cottage industry

What were the reasons why the British were able to win the Seven Years War in North America? What advantages did they have over the French?

1. Frederick's strong leadership, British finances and the death of Russia's empress and her successor making peace with prussia RESULTED IN Prussia being saved. 2. Great Britain had many victories because of William Pitt

What was the Atlantic economy? When did if flourish? What other system was it a part of?

1650-1790 crucial component of the global economy was established

What is a loom? What is its position in the putting-out system? Who operated the loom? Why?

A man's job, reserved for the male head of household. The work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages.

What regions experienced population growth in the 18th century? Why?

England, dutch, Russia

Describe each leg of the "Triangular Trade". Where did it originate, where did it terminate, what was carried, who traded with who?

Europe, Africa, and Asia, and the American continents;typically, manufactured goods from Europe were sent to Africa, where they were exchanged for slaves, who were sent to the Americas, where they were exchanged for raw materials that were then sent to Europe

Explain who the "Creoles" are.

In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples.

Who was Jethro Tull? Why is he important?

Invention: seed drill Importance: dug a channel which planted seeds into and limited wastage and crops easier to weed

Describe the place that Jews found themselves in colonial societies during the 18th century? (class, economics, status, racially, etc.)

Jews dwelled in most nations without enjoying the right and privileges that other subject had unless monarchs specifically granted them to Jews; regarded as a resident alien; lived apart in separate communities from non-Jewish Europeans; Except in England, Jews could not and did not mix in the mainstream of the societies. Jews who remained loyal to their faith were subject to various religious, civil, and social disabilities. They couldn't pursue the professions freely

Describe the plight of peasants in Western Europe during the 18th century?

Peasants were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.

Why did people call for the enclosure of common lands? What was the intent of these reforms?

People didn't like them because peasants would free-load

What was the War of Austrian Succession? Who were the players in this event? What was the outcome?

Prussia, France, Spain VS Austria, Britain, Netherlands fought over Silesia

What were the English Navigation Acts? What were their impact?

Series of english laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies Required that most goods imported from europe into england and scotland be carried on british-owned ships of the country producing it gave british ppl a virtual monopoly

What is unique/important in regards to European population from 1700-1835? How/why did this happen? What was the impact?

The basic cause of European population increase was a decline in mortality as well as a marginal increase in birth rates. Birthrates went up because: i. Children were profitable ii. No birth control iii. Social security (children take care of parents when they're too old to work) iv. Death rates for children are still high

Why did Holland lead when it came to farming methodology? What was the impact of this leadership?

The necessity to provide for a densely populated country.

What were guilds? During the 17th & early 18th century, what was their policy in regards to their trades? Why?

The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers

Great Britain & France fought several times from 1701 to 1763, what was the motivation behind these engagements? What economic motivation was at play? Why?

The position as Europe's leading maritime power with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion

What is "shore method"? Why is it important in the slave trade? Who practiced this?

The shore method permitted europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas

What was the major drawback in the rural putting-out system according to the Merchant capitalist in the cities? Why? What did they want in its place?

The workers had to purchase the raw material themselves, saving the merchant capital expenses. Cotton workers were difficult to supervise They accused workers-especially female spinners- of laziness, drunkenness, and immorality. If workers failed to produce enough thread, it must be because their wages their wages were too high and they had little incentive to work. Merchants then insisted on maintaining the lowest possible wages to force the "idle" poor into productive labor

What are common lands? What are they used for? Why were they important?

These were lands that were open to all of the village. They were shared by farmers usually as a place to keep their animals, like, cows, pigs, horses, and oxen. Poor people would go through the fields and pick up all of the remaining scraps in the course of the harvest. This was of course before there was any enclosure. Enclosure stopped all of this in a heartbeat.

Explain what the enclosure movement was & the impact it on society/farming/husbandry?

Where wealthy landowners bought up smaller farms and combined them to form larger farming operations. 1) Efficient farming methods increased agricultural output (more food) 2) Many small farmers became unemployed and had to move to cities to find jobs

What role did women play in the guilds during the 18th century? Why?

While women were occasionally admitted to guilds, the majority of guilds only admitted local men who were good Christians, had several years of work experience, paid stiff membership fees, and completed a masterpiece

What role did mercantilism play in the success of trade in relation to the European powers? Who had the clearer advantage? What/who grew out of this trade?

economic regulations to increase the power of the state, export more than import, colonies are to benefit the mother country, govt regulated economy

The industrious revolution was a result of who wishing to gain what? What did they give up?

families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods. This occurred as Europe reduced leisure time, stepped up the pace of work, and directed the labor of women and children away from production of goods for house consumption and toward wage work.

What part did the colonial empire of England play in trade during the 18th century? What were the effects of commerce amongst the realm?

london? achieved remarkable success for England in the 18th C and by the 1770's England stood on the thresh hold of the Industrial Revolution.

Who rivaled Great Britain for influence in the Indian Sub-Continent? Why?

mughal empire

Explain/describe how Spanish landowners were able to keep indigenous people as workers on the Haciendas of Spanish America. (how, why)

rampant abuse of the indigenous peoples. However it was a way for Spanish colonists to use the indigenous peoples' land and goods. Spanish landowners often resorted to giving laborers money and making them work in return, however wages were so low that they could never pay off their debt and had to keep working.

Describe/explain the importance of London in regards to the west during the 18th century.

richest

What was the rural putting-out system? Why is this important? What was its impact on wages? Where?

the 18th century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant. Grew because of underemployed labor, and was capable of producing many kinds of goods.

What is proletarianization? What role did it play in regards to the peasantry in the 18th century?

the transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners. By the early nineteenth century a minority of wealthy landowners held most of the land in England and leased their holdings to middle-size farmers, who relied on landless laborers for their workforce; not only was the small landholder deprived of his land, but the large farms required fewer laborers, which led to widespread unemployment.

How did Christianity evolve/develop in the colonies in order to attract/convert local populations?

ttracted the allegiance of the christian population of the former Roman empire as well as recognition and support from the pope and the hierarchy of the western Christian church.

During the later 18th century, how did the guilds evolve? Why?

used them to encourage high-quality production and to collect taxes. Guild masters in Paris received exclusive rights to produce and sell certain goods, access to raw materials, and the rights to train apprentices and open shops. Guilds also served social and religious functions, providing a locus of sociability and group identity to the middling classes.

Over time, to cut costs, who did merchants rely on to operate the looms? Why? What did it do to the family?

wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages.

Who is Arthur Young? What did he advocate for? Why?

wrote "the annals of agriculture" the encyclopedia for improved farming practices. shared farming techniques with everyone.