Ch. 17 A&P 2

Each hemoglobin molecule contains

4 iron atoms

Describe a capillary. (Module 19.2B)

A capillary is a small blood vessel whose thin wall permits exchange between blood and interstitial fluid by diffusion.

The clumping of red blood cells that occurs when incompatible blood types are mixed

Agglutination

Antibodies that react to specific surface antigens on red blood cells

Agglutinins

Which plasma protein is a major contributor to the osmotic pressure of plasma?

Almbumin

A woman comes to the emergency department bleeding profusely. A quick blood test shows agglutination using the anti-B antibody and the anti-Rh antibody. There was no reaction with the anti-A antibody. What is her blood type?

B+

You have determined that the woman has type B+ blood. The blood bank is running low on blood, which of the following is the best option for your patient?

B-

A patient's blood test revealed an elevated level of neutrophils, a condition called neutrophilia. Which of the following is a possible cause for the neutrophilia?

Bacterial Infection

White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are monocytes. lymphocytes. eosinophils. neutrophils. basophils.

Basophils

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the A)sticking of platelets to damaged tissue. B)activation of Factor VII exposed to collagen. C)release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium. D)release of heparin from the liver. E)conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.

C) release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium.

The migration of white blood cells from capillaries to surrounding tissues

Diapedesis

Define hematocrit. (Module 17.2B)

Hematocrit is the percentage of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements.

The iron-containing pigment molecule in hemoglobin that binds to oxygen

Heme

With large numbers of erythrocytes dying and being replaced every day, what happens to the heme released from the erythrocytes?

Heme is catabolized into two pigments, biliverdin and bilirubin.

The percentage of whole blood that is composed of blood cells

Hemocrite

Describe hemoglobin. (Module 17.5B)

Hemoglobin is a protein inside RBCs that binds oxygen.

White blood cells are able to move from the blood into the surrounding tissues. What is the functional significance of this ability?

It allows them to travel to the site of an infection and respond quickly to exogenous pathogens.

Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the

Left atrium

Mature red blood cells do not contain all of the usual organelles. Red blood cells lack a nucleus and do not contain mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, or centrioles. Based on this information, which of the following is true?

Mature red blood cells do not divide and therefore have a short life span.

Cell fragments involved in blood clotting and the repair of damaged blood vessels

Platelets

Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by the

QRS complex

Describe the functional aspects of RBCs. (Module 17.5A)

RBCs have a large surface area — to — volume ratio, exhibit the ability to form stacks, and they are flexible.

Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the

Right Atrium

Blood is pumped into the pulmonary circuit from the

Right ventricle

Define hemostasis. (Module 17.10A)

Stopping of bleeding

Describe the heart's location in the body. (Module 18.2B)

The heart is surrounded by the pericardium in the anterior mediastinum, deep to the sternum and superior to the diaphragm.

Because of their short lifespan, a huge number of erythrocytes are recycled by macrophages. Which of the following is NOT a function of the macrophage?

The macrophage synthesizes a small amount of hemoglobin and transports it to the bone marrow.

Define mediastinum. (Module 18.2A)

The mediastinum is the region between the two pleural cavities that contains the heart, along with the great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea.

Compare the oxygen content in the two circulatory circuits. (Module 19.15A)

The pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium. The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood to the organs and tissues of the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

Describe the roles of the natriuretic peptides. (Module 19.10C)

The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to decrease blood volume and decrease blood pressure.

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by

Thrombin

Define tissue perfusion. (Module 19.9A)

Tissue perfusion is blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients.

Blood flowing into the heart from the vena cava flows next through the ________ valve.

Tricuspid

The combination of plasma and formed elements is called

Whole blood

Hemolytic disease of the newborn may result if

an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus

List the phases of the cardiac cycle. (Module 18.10A)

atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole

During the isovolumetric contraction phase of ventricular systole, the

atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed.

Define cardiac cycle. (Module 18.9A)

cardiac cycle is the period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next.

The function of hemoglobin is to

carry oxygen

Capillaries that have a complete lining are called

continuous capillaires

The common pathway of coagulation begins with the

conversion of Factor X to prothrombin activator

Blood is supplied to the myocardium by

coronary arteries

The process of fibrinolysis

dissolves clots

The ________ lines the chambers of the heart, covers the heart valves, and is continuous with the endothelium.

endocardium

Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone ________ which is mostly produced in the ________.

erythropoietin; kidneys

Rouleaux refers to the ability of RBCs to

form stacks

Pacemaker cells in the SA node

generate action potentials that spread to the myocardium.

Which of the following is not a function of blood?

hormone production

Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the

immunoglobulins

Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of

iron

Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?

liver

Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called

megakaryocytes

Cardiac output is increased by

more sympathetic stimulation. increased end-diastolic volume. increased stroke volume.

Identify the five types of white blood cells. (Module 17.9A)

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is

p

Blood pressure increases with all of the following except increased

parasympathetic innervation

Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the

pulmonary valve

List the three stages of an action potential in a cardiac muscle cell. (Module 18.11B)

rapid depolarization, plateau, and repolarization

The right ventricle pumps blood to the

right and left lungs

People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because

their blood lacks A or B antibodies.

After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the

venules

An equivalent term for epicardium is ________.

visceral pericardium