Ch. 17 A&P 2
Each hemoglobin molecule contains
4 iron atoms
Describe a capillary. (Module 19.2B)
A capillary is a small blood vessel whose thin wall permits exchange between blood and interstitial fluid by diffusion.
The clumping of red blood cells that occurs when incompatible blood types are mixed
Agglutination
Antibodies that react to specific surface antigens on red blood cells
Agglutinins
Which plasma protein is a major contributor to the osmotic pressure of plasma?
Almbumin
A woman comes to the emergency department bleeding profusely. A quick blood test shows agglutination using the anti-B antibody and the anti-Rh antibody. There was no reaction with the anti-A antibody. What is her blood type?
B+
You have determined that the woman has type B+ blood. The blood bank is running low on blood, which of the following is the best option for your patient?
B-
A patient's blood test revealed an elevated level of neutrophils, a condition called neutrophilia. Which of the following is a possible cause for the neutrophilia?
Bacterial Infection
White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are monocytes. lymphocytes. eosinophils. neutrophils. basophils.
Basophils
The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the A)sticking of platelets to damaged tissue. B)activation of Factor VII exposed to collagen. C)release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium. D)release of heparin from the liver. E)conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
C) release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium.
The migration of white blood cells from capillaries to surrounding tissues
Diapedesis
Define hematocrit. (Module 17.2B)
Hematocrit is the percentage of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements.
The iron-containing pigment molecule in hemoglobin that binds to oxygen
Heme
With large numbers of erythrocytes dying and being replaced every day, what happens to the heme released from the erythrocytes?
Heme is catabolized into two pigments, biliverdin and bilirubin.
The percentage of whole blood that is composed of blood cells
Hemocrite
Describe hemoglobin. (Module 17.5B)
Hemoglobin is a protein inside RBCs that binds oxygen.
White blood cells are able to move from the blood into the surrounding tissues. What is the functional significance of this ability?
It allows them to travel to the site of an infection and respond quickly to exogenous pathogens.
Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the
Left atrium
Mature red blood cells do not contain all of the usual organelles. Red blood cells lack a nucleus and do not contain mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, or centrioles. Based on this information, which of the following is true?
Mature red blood cells do not divide and therefore have a short life span.
Cell fragments involved in blood clotting and the repair of damaged blood vessels
Platelets
Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by the
QRS complex
Describe the functional aspects of RBCs. (Module 17.5A)
RBCs have a large surface area — to — volume ratio, exhibit the ability to form stacks, and they are flexible.
Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the
Right Atrium
Blood is pumped into the pulmonary circuit from the
Right ventricle
Define hemostasis. (Module 17.10A)
Stopping of bleeding
Describe the heart's location in the body. (Module 18.2B)
The heart is surrounded by the pericardium in the anterior mediastinum, deep to the sternum and superior to the diaphragm.
Because of their short lifespan, a huge number of erythrocytes are recycled by macrophages. Which of the following is NOT a function of the macrophage?
The macrophage synthesizes a small amount of hemoglobin and transports it to the bone marrow.
Define mediastinum. (Module 18.2A)
The mediastinum is the region between the two pleural cavities that contains the heart, along with the great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea.
Compare the oxygen content in the two circulatory circuits. (Module 19.15A)
The pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium. The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood to the organs and tissues of the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
Describe the roles of the natriuretic peptides. (Module 19.10C)
The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to decrease blood volume and decrease blood pressure.
The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by
Thrombin
Define tissue perfusion. (Module 19.9A)
Tissue perfusion is blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients.
Blood flowing into the heart from the vena cava flows next through the ________ valve.
Tricuspid
The combination of plasma and formed elements is called
Whole blood
Hemolytic disease of the newborn may result if
an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus
List the phases of the cardiac cycle. (Module 18.10A)
atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole
During the isovolumetric contraction phase of ventricular systole, the
atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed.
Define cardiac cycle. (Module 18.9A)
cardiac cycle is the period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next.
The function of hemoglobin is to
carry oxygen
Capillaries that have a complete lining are called
continuous capillaires
The common pathway of coagulation begins with the
conversion of Factor X to prothrombin activator
Blood is supplied to the myocardium by
coronary arteries
The process of fibrinolysis
dissolves clots
The ________ lines the chambers of the heart, covers the heart valves, and is continuous with the endothelium.
endocardium
Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone ________ which is mostly produced in the ________.
erythropoietin; kidneys
Rouleaux refers to the ability of RBCs to
form stacks
Pacemaker cells in the SA node
generate action potentials that spread to the myocardium.
Which of the following is not a function of blood?
hormone production
Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the
immunoglobulins
Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of
iron
Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?
liver
Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called
megakaryocytes
Cardiac output is increased by
more sympathetic stimulation. increased end-diastolic volume. increased stroke volume.
Identify the five types of white blood cells. (Module 17.9A)
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is
p
Blood pressure increases with all of the following except increased
parasympathetic innervation
Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the
pulmonary valve
List the three stages of an action potential in a cardiac muscle cell. (Module 18.11B)
rapid depolarization, plateau, and repolarization
The right ventricle pumps blood to the
right and left lungs
People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because
their blood lacks A or B antibodies.
After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the
venules
An equivalent term for epicardium is ________.
visceral pericardium