CH 17 POPQUIZ

Which of the following resulted from industrialization in the decades after the Civil War? Select one: A. A higher standard of living B. Slowing immigration C. A shortage of agricultural products D. Rapid price inflation

A. A higher standard of living

What did the Railroad Strike of 1877 and the Homestead Strike of 1892 have in common? Select one: A. Government troops helped put down both strikes. B. The American Railway Union led both strikes. C. The leaders of both strikes were jailed. D. The American public supported the strikers.

A. Government troops helped put down both strikes.

Which business strategy did John D. Rockefeller pioneer in the late nineteenth century? Select one: A. Horizontal integration B. Vertical integration C. The corporation D. Middle management

A. Horizontal integration

Which of the following policies did the Greenback-Labor Party support in the 1870s? Select one: A. Inflation B. The graduated income tax C. Ending Reconstruction D. The gold standard

A. Inflation

Which magazine was the first to take advantage of advertising revenue to build mass readership, with over one million subscribers? Select one: A. Ladies' Home Journal B. Time Magazine C. The Atlantic Monthly D. The Saturday Evening Post

A. Ladies' Home Journal

Which of the following statements characterizes the employment of women in the American labor force during the late nineteenth century? Select one: A. More than 75 percent of all stenographers and typists were female. B. Young women were not encouraged to enter the workforce until they married. C. By the 1920s, the two-career marriage was the middle-class norm. D. In 1890, almost half of all married white women worked outside the home.

A. More than 75 percent of all stenographers and typists were female.

Which of the following statements describes the experiences of the new immigrants who entered the United States between 1880 and 1920? Select one: A. They often planned on working and saving money for a few years before returning home. B. They quickly assimilated into American culture and gave up their customs and languages. C. These groups found adjustment to the new country easier than earlier groups had. D. The new immigrants were welcomed much more graciously than were the Irish in 1840.

A. They often planned on working and saving money for a few years before returning home.

What did Andrew Carnegie, Gustavus Swift, and John D. Rockefeller have in common? Select one: A. They succeeded through vertical integration. B. Each one began his career as an industrial mechanic. C. They succeeded through horizontal integration. D. All these men were immigrants into the United States.

A. They succeeded through vertical integration.

During the late 1800s, an adult male immigrant from which of the following locations would most likely be a skilled worker? Select one: A. Wales B. Italy C. Poland D. Greece

A. Wales

Founded in 1867, the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry Select one: A. sponsored events to improve the social life of farm families. B. built railroad networks to lower farmers' transportation costs. C. agitated for laws to exclude immigrants from the Homestead Act. D. worked with state and national banks to reduce inflation.

A. sponsored events to improve the social life of farm families.

The United States had become the leading steel producer in the world by 1900 because of Select one: A. the Bessemer process. B. government subsidies. C. incorporation. D. the transportation revolution.

A. the Bessemer process.

The development of print advertising illustrates the significance of which late-nineteenth-century phenomenon? Select one: A. Government intervention to ensure pure food and drugs B. Businesses creating demand for brand names C. The importance of proper labeling on food packages D. Consumers' desire for information about the products they consumed

B. Businesses creating demand for brand names

Which of the following pairs is properly matched? Select one: A. Yellow-dog contract—workers in one industry organized into a single organization, regardless of skill B. Collective bargaining—union negotiates with the employer for all the employees C. Closed shop—force applied on a comparable industry to bring pressure on the primary target D. Trade union—all jobs reserved for union members

B. Collective bargaining—union negotiates with the employer for all the employees

Which of the following statements characterizes the economics of working-class family life in late-nineteenth-century America? Select one: A. Except for the lowest-paid factory workers, most male heads of household were able to support their families through their own labor. B. Due to their dire economic circumstances, working-class families frequently sent their children out to work in mills, factories, or mines. C. Women's household work was crucial in maintaining the family, and this work was commonly done by older daughters because wives were employed outside the home. D. As children grew older, their material needs increased, which strained family budgets and made supporting the children's adolescent years hardest on families.

B. Due to their dire economic circumstances, working-class families frequently sent their children out to work in mills, factories, or mines.

The introduction of mass production in the late-nineteenth-century American economy had which of the following advantages? Select one: A. Mass production made work more interesting. B. Mass production increased workers' output. C. It gave workers a greater sense of accomplishment. D. It gave workers greater control over the pace of their work.

B. Mass production increased workers' output.

Why has the labor movement always been relatively weak in American politics? Select one: A. Historically, labor unions have not been interested in engaging in the political process. B. Most industrial workers live in urban areas and cities, which are underrepresented in Congress. C. Industrial workers put other concerns ahead of labor issues, making it difficult for labor to present a cohesive platform. D. Poor leadership has often hindered the political effectiveness of the labor movement.

B. Most industrial workers live in urban areas and cities, which are underrepresented in Congress.

Which of the following was a consequence of mass production? Select one: A. Workers became masters of their craft. B. Skilled workers gradually lost their autonomy. C. Workers' wages increased as they grew more productive. D. Craft workers became more valuable to industry.

B. Skilled workers gradually lost their autonomy.

Which of the following was a nineteenth-century example of a trade union? Select one: A. The Grange B. The American Federation of Labor C. The Greenback-Labor Party D. The Farmer's Alliance

B. The American Federation of Labor

What was the purpose of the Hatch Act, passed by Congress and President Grover Cleveland in 1887? Select one: A. To establish state-regulated farms to sell produce at a cheaper rate B. To provide federal funding for agricultural research and education C. To fund large corporate farms, encouraging the growth of the farming industry D. To provide funds to farmers struggling to pay debts

B. To provide federal funding for agricultural research and education

The Knights of Labor advocated which of the following reforms in their 1878 platform? Select one: A. Workers' revolution B. Workplace safety laws C. The right to bear arms D. The family wage

B. Workplace safety laws

The federal government responded to the problem of discrimination against the Chinese in nineteenth-century California by Select one: A. establishing a quota limiting Chinese immigration to 10,000 per year. B. barring Chinese immigration to the United States in 1882. C. passing a civil rights law that protected them from anti-immigrant violence. D. paying white workers higher wages to do agricultural work.

B. barring Chinese immigration to the United States in 1882.

In terms of membership, the Knights of Labor discriminated Select one: A. against unskilled laborers. B. by excluding the Chinese. C. against women. D. by ethnicity.

B. by excluding the Chinese.

In 1891, the Texas Alliance proposed cooperative enterprise to Select one: A. reduce the influence of government in agriculture. B. give farmers access to cheap credit. C. provide a safe place for farmers' savings. D. fight inflation.

B. give farmers access to cheap credit.

Established in 1887, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) Select one: A. encouraged companies to cooperate in setting prices. B. sued in court to force companies to reduce high rates. C. helped to transition companies into public ownership. D. investigated in-state shipping.

B. sued in court to force companies to reduce high rates.

The Supreme Court decision to overturn Granger laws in Wabash v. Illinois (1886) led to Select one: A. the implementation of the Specie Resumption Act. B. the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission. C. passage of the Gold Standard Act. D. passage of the McKinley Tariff.

B. the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

After the Civil War, Republican economic policies led to Select one: A. huge budget deficits. B. the dominance of large corporations. C. significant tax increases. D. sustained inflation.

B. the dominance of large corporations.

As American industry expanded in the late nineteenth century, its energy source shifted from Select one: A. electricity to steam. B. water to coal. C. coal to iron. D. steam to water.

B. water to coal.

Which of these factors were the critical determinants of workers' occupational opportunities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? Select one: A. Ethnicity and skills B. Age and ethnicity C. Gender and race D. Skills and race

C. Gender and race

The Great Strike of 1877 involved workers in which industry? Select one: A. Steel B. Coal C. Railroads D. Copper

C. Railroads

Which of the following technological innovations made it possible for Gustavus F. Swift to undercut the prices of local butchers? Select one: A. Air brake B. Automatic coupler C. Refrigerated car D. Friction gear

C. Refrigerated car

Why was the strike by steelworkers at Homestead, Pennsylvania, significant? Select one: A. The strike was the culmination of a long history of poor labor relations at Homestead. B. The steelworkers were led by immigrant German Marxists. C. The lockout represented Carnegie's effort to break the plant's union. D. It ended when the strike leaders were held in contempt of court and jailed.

C. The lockout represented Carnegie's effort to break the plant's union.

Which of the following describes the traveling salesmen of the late nineteenth century? Select one: A. Salesmen, like workers, organized to improve their wages and working conditions. B. Many men sought these jobs because they appreciated independence and autonomy. C. They helped build nationwide distribution networks for a multitude of products. D. Nineteenth-century salesmen were little different from their eighteenth-century predecessors.

C. They helped build nationwide distribution networks for a multitude of products.

Why did Chinese immigrants come to the United States in the nineteenth century? Select one: A. Chinese immigrants came to open laundry businesses in American cities. B. The burgeoning population of China created widespread famine and shortages. C. They were motivated by poverty and upheaval in southern China. D. Chinese men sought jobs as indentured servants in the houses of rich Californians.

C. They were motivated by poverty and upheaval in southern China.

How did John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Corporation come to control 95 percent of the nation's oil refining capacity by the 1880s? Select one: A. Through expanded sales and production overseas B. By implementing the process of vertical integration C. Through predatory pricing and the creation of the trust D. By inventing the process that extracted kerosene from crude oil

C. Through predatory pricing and the creation of the trust

New immigration patterns in the early twentieth century reflected growing emigration from Select one: A. the British Isles. B. eastern Africa. C. southern and Eastern Europe. D. north and central Europe.

C. southern and Eastern Europe.

Who of the following represented the American notion that through hard work, even a poor immigrant could become tremendously successful? Select one: A. John D. Rockefeller B. Jay Cooke C. Thomas Edison D. Andrew Carnegie

D. Andrew Carnegie

What late-nineteenth-century development made it possible for rural Americans to participate in the national consumer culture? Select one: A. Automobiles B. Store chains C. Billboards D. Catalogs

D. Catalogs

New corporate managers pioneered which system to track expenses and revenues in the late nineteenth century? Select one: A. Line-by-line bookkeeping B. The management revolution C. Balanced spending D. Cost accounting

D. Cost accounting

Why did so few African American men hold factory jobs in the United States in 1890? Select one: A. There were almost no factories in the South, where the majority of African Americans lived at that time. B. White-dominated labor unions generally refused to allow blacks to join and seek industrial employment. C. Black workers intensely disliked factory work and preferred agricultural or casual urban labor. D. Factory owners found that they could satisfy most of their labor needs with immigrant workers, so they rejected most black applicants.

D. Factory owners found that they could satisfy most of their labor needs with immigrant workers, so they rejected most black applicants.

Which of the following were skilled workers with a relatively high degree of autonomy in the 1870s? Select one: A. Labor gangs B. Domestic servants C. Assembly-line workers D. Machinists

D. Machinists

Why was clerical and office work appealing to white working-class women in the late nineteenth century? Select one: A. There was a decrease in demand for domestic servants. B. Women were often promoted to better-paying positions in the company. C. Factory work was too difficult to obtain because it paid higher wages. D. Office work was cleaner and better paid than domestic service or factory work.

D. Office work was cleaner and better paid than domestic service or factory work.

Which of the following describes vertically integrated corporations? Select one: A. These corporations operated using predatory pricing. B. These corporations concentrated on one function in the production process. C. They made it difficult for a few corporations to monopolize an industry. D. Such corporations controlled all aspects of their operations' businesses.

D. Such corporations controlled all aspects of their operations' businesses.

Why was the American Federation of Labor more successful than the Knights of Labor in the late nineteenth century? Select one: A. The AFL was open to all workers. B. The Knights were too restrictive. C. The Knights' push for practical job interests was not idealistic enough. D. The AFL focused on goals such as better wages, hours, and working conditions.

D. The AFL focused on goals such as better wages, hours, and working conditions.

Why was the Haymarket incident of 1886 significant? Select one: A. It demonstrated the professionalization of Chicago's police force. B. It led to an eight-hour day for McCormick workers. C. It created greater public respect for unions. D. The incident led to the downfall of the Knights of Labor.

D. The incident led to the downfall of the Knights of Labor.

Which of the following statements describes the Chinese immigrants to the United States in the nineteenth century? Select one: A. Chinese immigrants were mostly women escaping sexual slavery. B. They came in greatest numbers prior to 1850. C. Most were unemployed and depended on government assistance to survive. D. They faced more severe discrimination than European immigrants.

D. They faced more severe discrimination than European immigrants.

Which of the following arguments did Andrew Carnegie make in his famous 1889 essay "Wealth" (later called "The Gospel of Wealth")? Select one: A. Industrialization only led to a decrease in the standard of living, especially for the working classes. B. Industrialization had allowed the poor to raise themselves to nearly same level as the wealthy. C. Industrialization would bring economic decline in the United States as it did in England, a mature industrial power. D. Though industrialization increased the gap between rich and poor, everyone's standard of living rose.

D. Though industrialization increased the gap between rich and poor, everyone's standard of living rose.

Gustavus Swift boosted productivity in his Chicago slaughterhouses in the 1860s by using Select one: A. the closed shop. B. horizontal integration. C. the foreman system. D. assembly lines.

D. assembly lines.

State Granger laws were designed primarily to Select one: A. decrease wholesale commodity prices. B. regulate prices. C. require banks to be more generous in granting loans. D. regulate big business.

D. regulate big business.

The outcome of the implementation of scientific management was Select one: A. that workers found unions less appealing. B. resistance from managers. C. decreasing production efficiency. D. resistance from workers.

D. resistance from workers.

"It looks to me like slavery to have a man stand over you with a stop watch." This statement by an iron molder refers to Select one: A. industrial unionism. B. yellow-dog contracts. C. working conditions for breaker boys. D. scientific management.

D. scientific management.