Ch. 18

A life review is not always positive.

People may become obsessed with the past and this may cause problems.

Connections with family members may provide an major source of ___ to older adults.

comfort

There are benefits to a life review.

-A better understanding of one's life -Resolution of lingering problems.

-___ tend to be in more frequent contact than ___. -___ tend to be the recipient of communication more than ____. -___ may turn to their elderly parents for advice, information, and monetary help.

-daughters, sons -mothers, fathers -children

-Not all grandparents take ____ in their grandchildren. -Grandmothers are more ___ than grandfathers. -Most great-grandparents ___ have close relationships to their great-grandchildren although they enjoy having them.

-great pride -involved -do not

-____ and ____ with life are assumed to spring from a high level of involvement with the world. -When it is no longer possible to work, successful aging according to activity theory suggests that __.

-happiness, satisfaction -replacement activities be found

-Shifts in health mean that in late adulthood men and women may have to care for an ___. -In three-quarters of cases, the caregiver is the ___.

-ill spouse -wife

-During this transition time people begin to view themselves as entering __ adulthood. -They struggle with being "__," and facing illness and death of one's friends and loved ones. -People must struggle with the loss of __, __, and ___. -People can serve as resources for younger people and be in a position to give ___.

-late -old -power, respect, authority -advise

-The proportion of __ who are married over the age of 65 is far greater than that of ___. -__% of women outlive their husbands.

-men, women -70

-___ are important because they have shared a large portion of life with you. -More important are __ -Often provide ___ and ___ -Most parents and children remain ____.

-siblings -children -support, care -close

-Two-thirds of people over the age of 65 live with other members of the family. -Most live with their ___

-two-thirds -spouse

According to Atchley, people pass through stages in the process of retirement.

1. honeymoon period 2. disenchantment 3. reorientation 4. retirement routine 5. termination

According to Heinemann & Evans, the adjustment to widowhood occurs in three stages.

1. preparation 2. greif and mourning 3. adaptation

According to Levinson, people enter late adulthood after passing through a transition stage that typically occurs at about age __ to __.

60,65

According to _____, successful aging occurs when people maintain the interests, activities, and social interactions with which they were involved during middle age.

Activity Theory

_______, a period in which people must learn to cope with and move beyond changes in physical capabilities as a result of aging.

BODY TRANSCENDENCE VERSUS BODY PREOCCUPATION

____ suggests that people simply need to maintain their desired level of involvement in society to maximize their sense of well-being and self-esteem.

Continuity Theory

According to ___, the period in late adulthood that marks a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels, people withdraw from the world and the world compels the elderly to withdraw (e.g., retirement).

Disengagement Theory

________ in which the elderly must come to grips with their coming death.

EGO TRANSCENDENCE VERSUS EGO PREOCCUPATION

According to some estimates, the incidence of _____, the physical or psychological mistreatment or neglect of elderly individuals.

Elder Abuse

Erikson, Peck, Neugarten, and Levinson all find that a major characteristic of personality development in old age is a ____, where people re-examine and evaluate their lives.

Life Review

_______, which means that those in old age must redefine themselves in ways that do not relate to their work-roles or occupations.

REDEFINITION OF SELF VERSUS PREOCCUPATION WITH WORK-ROLE

Baltes & Baltes suggest older people overcome changes and losses in old age according to the principle of ___, where people concentrate on particular skill areas to compensate for losses in other areas.

Selective Optimization

Friends provide _____, assistance and comfort supplied by another person or a network of caring, interested people.

Social Support

The last stage is ___, where the widowed individual starts a new life.

adaptation

Neugarten studied the different ways people cope with ____.

aging

____ personalities seek to ward off aging and attempt to act young, exercising vigorously, and engaging in youthful activities that could lead to unrealistic expectations and disappointment.

defended

____ occurs when people feel dissatisfied with their life, and experience gloom, unhappiness, depression, anger, or the feeling that they have failed.

despair

____ may occur when retirees conclude that retirement is not all they thought it would be.

disenchantment

____ and ____ personalities are unable to accept aging, and experience despair as they get older, often ending up in nursing homes or hospitalized.

disintegrated, disorganized

Erikson's stage of ____ is the process of looking back over one's life, evaluating it, and coming to terms with it.

ego-integrity-versus-despair

__ events are more painful than the death of a spouse.

few

The second stage, ____, is the reaction to the death of a spouse.

greif and mourning

At first there is a ____, in which former workers engage in a variety of activities, such as travel, that were previously hindered by full-time work.

honeymoon period

____ personalities cope comfortably with aging and accept becoming older with a sense of dignity.

integrated

____ comes when people feel they have realized and fulfilled the possibilities that have come their way.

integrity

______ personalities lead lives filled with fear of falling ill, fear of the future, fear of their own inability to cope.

passive-dependent

In the first stage, ___, spouses prepare for the eventual death of the partner.

preparation

____ is the stage where retirees reconsider their options and become engaged in new, more fulfilling activities.

reorientation

A ____ stage occurs when retirees come to grips with the realities of retirement and feel fulfilled in this new phase of life.

retirement routine

The vast majority of those still married report they are satisfied with their spouse.

satisfied

The final stage is the process of ___ where the retiree either goes back to work or health deteriorates so badly that the person can no longer function independently.

termination