CH 18 PR

What is the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system?

A capillary network that transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus

pancreatic islet

A small cluster of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secretes insulin and glucagon

What is the target organ for adrenocorticotropic hormone?

Adrenal cortex

Match the pituitary hormone with its target. ACTH LH GH Prolactin

Adrenal cortex Gonads (ovaries and testes) Most tissues Mammary glands

Identify the gland that produces the "flight or flight" hormones.

Adrenal medulla

Which hormone stimulates the release of glucocorticoids?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Identify the pancreatic cells that secrete glucagon.

Alpha cells

hyperglycemia

An excess of glucose in the blood

Identify the classes of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. Select all that apply.

Androgens Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids

Identify the two hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus but stored and released by the posterior pituitary.

Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin

Where is the adrenal medulla?

At the core of the adrenal gland, superior to the kidney

Which of the following is NOT a result of TSH secretion?

Decreased glucose uptake by cells

The secretion of estrogen and follicle maturation in females is stimulated by _____. In the testes, it stimulates sperm production.

FSH

Identify the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Select all that apply.

Follicle-stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Prolactin

Which best describes the histological description of a healthy thyroid gland?

Follicles filled with thyroglobulin

Which is true of growth hormone?

GH has widespread effects in many areas of the body.

Name hormones produced by the hypothalamic neurons. Select all that apply.

Growth hormone-releasing hormone Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Identify target tissues for the hormones of the adrenal medulla gland. Select all that apply.

Heart Blood vessels Liver Adipose tissue

neurohormones

Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

Which of the following would stimulate the release of insulin?

Increased level of some amino acids Increased blood glucose

Identify the effects of parathyroid hormone. Select all that apply.

Increases the formation of active vitamin D Increases calcium reabsorption by the kidneys.

ADH

Increases water retention by the kidneys

Which pair of hormones acts antagonistically to one another?

Insulin and glucagon

What tissues are targeted by PTH? Select all that apply.

Kidneys Bone Intestines

Correctly pair the pituitary hormone to its target. ADH Oxytocin TSH FSH

Kidneys Uterus Thyroid gland Gonads (ovaries, testes)

Ovulation and the secretion of progesterone in females is stimulated by _____. In males, it stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone.

LH

Which of these hormones stimulate the release of hormones from the testes and ovaries? Select all that apply.

LH FSH

Which of the following conditions may result in the release of adrenal medullary hormones? Select all that apply.

Low blood glucose Stress Exercise

Which of the following describe the action of melanocyte-stimulating hormone?

Melanocytes produce more melanin.

Which of the following would be associated with hypoparathyroidism? Select all that apply.

Muscle cramping Decreased blood calcium levels

Which of the following might be due to hyposecretion of thyroid hormones? Select all that apply.

Myxedema Low body temperature Sluggishness

Identify the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla. Select all that apply.

Norepinephrine Epinephrine

What is/are the target organ/s of LH and FSH?

Ovaries and testes

Which cells produce calcitonin?

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid

Name the two functional parts of the pituitary.

Posterior pituitary Adenohypophysis

Which of the following are characteristics of the pituitary gland? Select all that apply.

Rests in the sphenoid bone Influences the secretion of other endocrine glands Secretes several major hormones

What are thyroid follicles?

Sacs in the thyroid filled with thyroglobulin

Which of the following is NOT a function of LH?

Stimulates contraction of the uterus

Identify the functions of oxytocin. Select all that apply.

Stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands Stimulates uterine contractions

Name the major thyroid hormone that interacts with target cells.

T3

What is the primary effect of thyroid hormone (TH)?

TH increases the body's metabolic rate.

prolactin

The anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the mammary glands to synthesize milk

GH

The hormone that increases gene expression and thus promotes tissue growth throughout the body

oxytocin

The hormone that stimulates labor contractions in childbirth Stimulates the flow of milk from the mammary gland to the nipple in lactating women

Describe how release of thyroid hormones is controlled.

The hypothalamus secretes TRH, which stimulates the pituitary to secrete TSH.

Which of the following best describes the location of the pineal gland?

The pineal gland gland is located in the epithalamus.

hypothalamus

The structure that controls the pituitary gland Plays an important role in the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system and is inferior to the thalamus

Describe the location of the adrenal glands?

They are superior to the kidneys.

Which two hormones are more generally classified as thyroid hormones?

Thyroxine Triiodothyronine

What is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone?

To stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

Identify the effects due to the hypersecretion of thyroid hormones. Select all that apply.

Weight loss Elevated body temperature Extreme nervousness

Stress, low blood glucose or exercise can all lead to the release of hormones from the ______.

adrenal medulla

FSH, LH and prolactin are all produced in the ______.

anterior pituitary

The satiety center of the hypothalamus controls ______.

appetite

Which pancreatic cells secrete insulin?

beta cells

The target tissue of calcitonin is ______.

bone

The hormone that antagonizes the action of parathyroid hormone by reducing the amount of calcium reabsorption from bone by inhibiting osteoclasts is

calcitonin

The most potent of the glucocorticoids is

cortisol

Increased production of melanocyte-stimulating hormone would lead to the ______ of the skin.

darkening

What would stimulate the secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland?

darkness

The effect of calcitonin is to ______ blood calcium levels.

decrease

The effect of calcitonin is to ______ osteoclast activity and thus ______ blood calcium levels.

decrease, decreases

Aldosterone is secreted when blood pressure ______ or sodium levels ______.

decreases, decrease

The hormone that stimulates glycogenolysis and the release of glucose from the liver into the blood, thus raising the blood glucose level is ______.

glucagon

The hormones of the adrenal cortex that affects carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism are the ______.

glucocorticoids

A decrease in metabolic rate, extreme nervousness and chronic fatigue may be due to ______ of thyroid hormone.

hyposecretion

This system consists of a network of primary capillaries in the hypothalamus, a group of small vessels that travel down the stalk, and a complex of secondary capillaries in the anterior pituitary. It is the ______ portal system.

hypothalamohypophyseal

The pituitary gland is controlled by the ______, which is closely associated with it both anatomically and physiologically.

hypothalamus

Oxytocin and ADH are produced by the _____ and secreted by the _____.

hypothalamus, posterior pituitary

TSH will cause a(n) ______ in the amount of thyroid hormone produced.

increase

The effect of parathyroid hormone is to ______ blood ______ levels.

increase, calcium

TRH ______ the secretion of TSH, and thyroid hormones ______ the secretion of TSH.

increases, decrease

The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk of tissue called the

infundibulum

In addition to testosterone (testis) and estrogen (ovary), these glands also produce the hormone ______ which decreases the production of FSH.

inhibin

Light rays ______ the secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland.

inhibit

When thyroid hormone levels are high in the blood, there is ______ of TRH and TSH release from their respective glands.

inhibition

Cells absorb and store or metabolize amino acids and glucose in response to BLANK ; therefore, it lowers blood glucose levels.

insulin

Name the hormone that stimulates cells to absorb and store or metabolize amino acids and glucose; and therefore, it lowers blood glucose levels.

insulin

The hormone that antagonizes the effects of glucagon by suppressing the breakdown of glycogen is

insulin

What hormone is released after a meal in response to increased blood glucose levels?

insulin

List the substances secreted by pancreatic islet cells. Select all that apply.

insulin; glucagon

The mineral that is required for the normal synthesis of thyroid hormones is ______.

iodine

Explain the importance of T3. T3 ______.

is the major thyroid hormone that interacts with target tissues

The two lobes of the thyroid gland are joined by a narrow bridge of tissue called the

isthmus

Identify the function of aldosterone. Aldosterone stimulates the ______.

kidneys to retain sodium and excrete potassium.

What is a primary target of glucagon?

liver

The tissue deep to the cortex of the adrenal gland is known as the adrenal

medulla

Identify the type of hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.

neurohormones

The hormone that increases bone reabsorption and calcium absorption in the intestines is ______ hormone.

parathyroid

The ovoid glands partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid are the BLANK glands.

parathyroid

Melatonin is produced by the BLANK gland.

pineal

The gland located superior and posterior to the thalamus of the brain and attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain is the ______.

pineal

The endocrine gland frequently known as the master gland due to its control of many other glands is the BLANK gland.

pituitary

The hypophysis is also known as the _____ gland.

pituitary

Together the adenohypophysis and the neurohypophysis form the ______.

pituitary gland

The ______ pituitary gland is composed of nervous tissue.

posterior

This structure is composed of nervous tissue, rather than glandular tissue is ______.

posterior pituitary

Parathyroid hormone plays an important role in ______.

raising blood calcium

Tropic hormones are also known as ______ hormones.

releasing

Which hypothalamic hormones stimulate the pituitary to secrete its own hormones?

releasing hormones

Appetite is controlled by the ______ center in the ______ of the brain.

satiety; hypothalamus

TSH stimulates the ______ of the thyroid hormones. Select all that apply.

secretion synthesis

Mineralocorticoids regulate the body's ______.

sodium and potassium balance

Aldosterone increases blood pressure by increasing the reabsorption of ______.

sodium and water

The secretion of adrenal medullary hormones is controlled by ______.

sympathetic neurons

Which hormone is responsible for the development and general health of the male reproductive tract?

testosterone

Estrogen and progesterone contribute to ______.

the development of the reproductive system

Identify the largest endocrine gland in an adult.

thyroid

The large two-lobed endocrine gland associated with the larynx is the ______.

thyroid

An increase in the body's metabolic rate is the primary effect of what hormone?

thyroid hormone

TSH secretion can be controlled by ______.

thyroid hormones hypothalamic releasing hormones

The hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland is ______.

thyroid-stimulating hormone