CH 18 PR
What is the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system?
A capillary network that transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus
pancreatic islet
A small cluster of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secretes insulin and glucagon
What is the target organ for adrenocorticotropic hormone?
Adrenal cortex
Match the pituitary hormone with its target. ACTH LH GH Prolactin
Adrenal cortex Gonads (ovaries and testes) Most tissues Mammary glands
Identify the gland that produces the "flight or flight" hormones.
Adrenal medulla
Which hormone stimulates the release of glucocorticoids?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Identify the pancreatic cells that secrete glucagon.
Alpha cells
hyperglycemia
An excess of glucose in the blood
Identify the classes of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. Select all that apply.
Androgens Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids
Identify the two hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus but stored and released by the posterior pituitary.
Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin
Where is the adrenal medulla?
At the core of the adrenal gland, superior to the kidney
Which of the following is NOT a result of TSH secretion?
Decreased glucose uptake by cells
The secretion of estrogen and follicle maturation in females is stimulated by _____. In the testes, it stimulates sperm production.
FSH
Identify the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Select all that apply.
Follicle-stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Prolactin
Which best describes the histological description of a healthy thyroid gland?
Follicles filled with thyroglobulin
Which is true of growth hormone?
GH has widespread effects in many areas of the body.
Name hormones produced by the hypothalamic neurons. Select all that apply.
Growth hormone-releasing hormone Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Identify target tissues for the hormones of the adrenal medulla gland. Select all that apply.
Heart Blood vessels Liver Adipose tissue
neurohormones
Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland
Which of the following would stimulate the release of insulin?
Increased level of some amino acids Increased blood glucose
Identify the effects of parathyroid hormone. Select all that apply.
Increases the formation of active vitamin D Increases calcium reabsorption by the kidneys.
ADH
Increases water retention by the kidneys
Which pair of hormones acts antagonistically to one another?
Insulin and glucagon
What tissues are targeted by PTH? Select all that apply.
Kidneys Bone Intestines
Correctly pair the pituitary hormone to its target. ADH Oxytocin TSH FSH
Kidneys Uterus Thyroid gland Gonads (ovaries, testes)
Ovulation and the secretion of progesterone in females is stimulated by _____. In males, it stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone.
LH
Which of these hormones stimulate the release of hormones from the testes and ovaries? Select all that apply.
LH FSH
Which of the following conditions may result in the release of adrenal medullary hormones? Select all that apply.
Low blood glucose Stress Exercise
Which of the following describe the action of melanocyte-stimulating hormone?
Melanocytes produce more melanin.
Which of the following would be associated with hypoparathyroidism? Select all that apply.
Muscle cramping Decreased blood calcium levels
Which of the following might be due to hyposecretion of thyroid hormones? Select all that apply.
Myxedema Low body temperature Sluggishness
Identify the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla. Select all that apply.
Norepinephrine Epinephrine
What is/are the target organ/s of LH and FSH?
Ovaries and testes
Which cells produce calcitonin?
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid
Name the two functional parts of the pituitary.
Posterior pituitary Adenohypophysis
Which of the following are characteristics of the pituitary gland? Select all that apply.
Rests in the sphenoid bone Influences the secretion of other endocrine glands Secretes several major hormones
What are thyroid follicles?
Sacs in the thyroid filled with thyroglobulin
Which of the following is NOT a function of LH?
Stimulates contraction of the uterus
Identify the functions of oxytocin. Select all that apply.
Stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands Stimulates uterine contractions
Name the major thyroid hormone that interacts with target cells.
T3
What is the primary effect of thyroid hormone (TH)?
TH increases the body's metabolic rate.
prolactin
The anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the mammary glands to synthesize milk
GH
The hormone that increases gene expression and thus promotes tissue growth throughout the body
oxytocin
The hormone that stimulates labor contractions in childbirth Stimulates the flow of milk from the mammary gland to the nipple in lactating women
Describe how release of thyroid hormones is controlled.
The hypothalamus secretes TRH, which stimulates the pituitary to secrete TSH.
Which of the following best describes the location of the pineal gland?
The pineal gland gland is located in the epithalamus.
hypothalamus
The structure that controls the pituitary gland Plays an important role in the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system and is inferior to the thalamus
Describe the location of the adrenal glands?
They are superior to the kidneys.
Which two hormones are more generally classified as thyroid hormones?
Thyroxine Triiodothyronine
What is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone?
To stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
Identify the effects due to the hypersecretion of thyroid hormones. Select all that apply.
Weight loss Elevated body temperature Extreme nervousness
Stress, low blood glucose or exercise can all lead to the release of hormones from the ______.
adrenal medulla
FSH, LH and prolactin are all produced in the ______.
anterior pituitary
The satiety center of the hypothalamus controls ______.
appetite
Which pancreatic cells secrete insulin?
beta cells
The target tissue of calcitonin is ______.
bone
The hormone that antagonizes the action of parathyroid hormone by reducing the amount of calcium reabsorption from bone by inhibiting osteoclasts is
calcitonin
The most potent of the glucocorticoids is
cortisol
Increased production of melanocyte-stimulating hormone would lead to the ______ of the skin.
darkening
What would stimulate the secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland?
darkness
The effect of calcitonin is to ______ blood calcium levels.
decrease
The effect of calcitonin is to ______ osteoclast activity and thus ______ blood calcium levels.
decrease, decreases
Aldosterone is secreted when blood pressure ______ or sodium levels ______.
decreases, decrease
The hormone that stimulates glycogenolysis and the release of glucose from the liver into the blood, thus raising the blood glucose level is ______.
glucagon
The hormones of the adrenal cortex that affects carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism are the ______.
glucocorticoids
A decrease in metabolic rate, extreme nervousness and chronic fatigue may be due to ______ of thyroid hormone.
hyposecretion
This system consists of a network of primary capillaries in the hypothalamus, a group of small vessels that travel down the stalk, and a complex of secondary capillaries in the anterior pituitary. It is the ______ portal system.
hypothalamohypophyseal
The pituitary gland is controlled by the ______, which is closely associated with it both anatomically and physiologically.
hypothalamus
Oxytocin and ADH are produced by the _____ and secreted by the _____.
hypothalamus, posterior pituitary
TSH will cause a(n) ______ in the amount of thyroid hormone produced.
increase
The effect of parathyroid hormone is to ______ blood ______ levels.
increase, calcium
TRH ______ the secretion of TSH, and thyroid hormones ______ the secretion of TSH.
increases, decrease
The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk of tissue called the
infundibulum
In addition to testosterone (testis) and estrogen (ovary), these glands also produce the hormone ______ which decreases the production of FSH.
inhibin
Light rays ______ the secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland.
inhibit
When thyroid hormone levels are high in the blood, there is ______ of TRH and TSH release from their respective glands.
inhibition
Cells absorb and store or metabolize amino acids and glucose in response to BLANK ; therefore, it lowers blood glucose levels.
insulin
Name the hormone that stimulates cells to absorb and store or metabolize amino acids and glucose; and therefore, it lowers blood glucose levels.
insulin
The hormone that antagonizes the effects of glucagon by suppressing the breakdown of glycogen is
insulin
What hormone is released after a meal in response to increased blood glucose levels?
insulin
List the substances secreted by pancreatic islet cells. Select all that apply.
insulin; glucagon
The mineral that is required for the normal synthesis of thyroid hormones is ______.
iodine
Explain the importance of T3. T3 ______.
is the major thyroid hormone that interacts with target tissues
The two lobes of the thyroid gland are joined by a narrow bridge of tissue called the
isthmus
Identify the function of aldosterone. Aldosterone stimulates the ______.
kidneys to retain sodium and excrete potassium.
What is a primary target of glucagon?
liver
The tissue deep to the cortex of the adrenal gland is known as the adrenal
medulla
Identify the type of hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
neurohormones
The hormone that increases bone reabsorption and calcium absorption in the intestines is ______ hormone.
parathyroid
The ovoid glands partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid are the BLANK glands.
parathyroid
Melatonin is produced by the BLANK gland.
pineal
The gland located superior and posterior to the thalamus of the brain and attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain is the ______.
pineal
The endocrine gland frequently known as the master gland due to its control of many other glands is the BLANK gland.
pituitary
The hypophysis is also known as the _____ gland.
pituitary
Together the adenohypophysis and the neurohypophysis form the ______.
pituitary gland
The ______ pituitary gland is composed of nervous tissue.
posterior
This structure is composed of nervous tissue, rather than glandular tissue is ______.
posterior pituitary
Parathyroid hormone plays an important role in ______.
raising blood calcium
Tropic hormones are also known as ______ hormones.
releasing
Which hypothalamic hormones stimulate the pituitary to secrete its own hormones?
releasing hormones
Appetite is controlled by the ______ center in the ______ of the brain.
satiety; hypothalamus
TSH stimulates the ______ of the thyroid hormones. Select all that apply.
secretion synthesis
Mineralocorticoids regulate the body's ______.
sodium and potassium balance
Aldosterone increases blood pressure by increasing the reabsorption of ______.
sodium and water
The secretion of adrenal medullary hormones is controlled by ______.
sympathetic neurons
Which hormone is responsible for the development and general health of the male reproductive tract?
testosterone
Estrogen and progesterone contribute to ______.
the development of the reproductive system
Identify the largest endocrine gland in an adult.
thyroid
The large two-lobed endocrine gland associated with the larynx is the ______.
thyroid
An increase in the body's metabolic rate is the primary effect of what hormone?
thyroid hormone
TSH secretion can be controlled by ______.
thyroid hormones hypothalamic releasing hormones
The hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland is ______.
thyroid-stimulating hormone