CH 18 Psychobio Exam
18.1-10. The drug _______ blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. a. alcohol b. marijuana c. LSD d. cocaine e. nicotine Difficulty: 1
Answer: d: cocaine
18.1-3. The meaning of the Latin word addicere is a. to alleviate. b. to relieve. c. to sentence. d. to require. e. to suffer.
Answer: c. to sentence.
18.1-42. A common factor that promotes relapse in recovered drug addicts is a. the experience of stress. b. taking up smoking. c. going on a diet for weight loss. d. inactivation of the central nucleus of the amygdala. e. taking on a new career.
Answer: a. the experience of stress
18.1-84. Imagine that a friend has ingested a drug (e.g., Ro15-4513) that prevents alcohol from binding to the GABA receptor and then joins up with you at a bar. Which of the following would you expect to happen to this person? a. He or she would show no signs of sedation, even after 19 beers. b. One beer puts him or her to sleep. c. The pill makes alcohol taste bitter, causing him or her to vomit after one sip. d. He or she finds alcohol more intoxicating. e. This drug allows your friend to quit drinking.
Answer: a. He or she would show no signs of sedation, even after 19 beers.
18.1-47. Which of the following statements about opiates is true? a. The most commonly abused opiate is heroin. b. Measles is a significant risk factor for many heroin users. c. Opiates and LSD induce similar psychoactive effects. d. Opiates are not addictive. e. Opiate use in a pregnant woman does not produce a drug dependency in the child she is carrying.
Answer: a. The most commonly abused opiate is heroin.
18.1-24. Infusions of the neuropeptide ________ into the ________ reinstates drug taking that was previously extinguished. a. leptin; orbitofrontal cortex b. insulin; nucleus accumbens c. glycine; VTA d. glutamate; nucleus accumbens e. orexin; VTA
Answer: E: orexin, VTA
18.1-62. Which of the following is true of cocaine? a. Crack cocaine may be the most effective reinforcer of all available drugs. b. Cocaine produces the same physical and behavioral effects as heroin. c. Cocaine abuse causes strong physical dependence. d. Cocaine is the least addictive of the psychostimulant drugs. e. Cocaine is a dopamine antagonist.
Answer: a. Crack cocaine may be the most effective reinforcer of all available drugs.
18.1-25. Which statement below is true of drug addiction? a. Withdrawal symptoms and tolerance are the result of compensatory mechanisms. b. The withdrawal symptoms that occur in heroin addicts are less dangerous than those that occur in alcoholics. c. Withdrawal symptoms are usually less intense versions of the drug effect. d. Drug addiction is caused by physical dependence. e. Cocaine addiction is the result of physical dependence.
Answer: a. Withdrawal symptoms and tolerance are the result of compensatory mechanisms.
18.1-85. The ability of THC to produce a "high" seems to be related to a. activation of the CB1 receptor. b. inhibition of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens. c. inactivation of GABA neurons in the cortex. d. inactivation of the CB1 receptor. e. release of cortisol from the adrenal glands.
Answer: a. activation of the CB1 receptor.
18.1-11. A person who is compelled to continue drug taking, despite adverse consequences, is said to suffer from a. addiction. b. psychic dependence. c. tolerance. d. physical dependence. e. euphoria.
Answer: a. addiction
18.1-78. Use of ________ by pregnant women is the leading cause of mental retardation in the United States. a. alcohol b. marijuana c. nicotine d. cocaine e. ephedrine
Answer: a. alcohol
18.1-17. Microdialysis studies indicate that administration of ________ will enhance extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. a. alcohol, PCP, or amphetamine b. glycine c. caffeine d. LSD e. GABA antagonists
Answer: a. alcohol, PCP, or amphetamine
18.1-59. Rats are made dependent on morphine and then given an injection of naloxone while housed in a novel cage. You would expect these rats to express a. an aversion to the cage in which naloxone caused withdrawal. b. fewer kappa receptors in the forebrain. c. more mu receptors in the forebrain. d. an attraction to the cage in which naloxone caused withdrawal. e. more consumption of water in the home cage.
Answer: a. an aversion to the cage in which naloxone caused withdrawal.
18.1-13. Match up the correct pairing of a drug with its site of action: a. cocaine; blocks reuptake of dopamine b. ethanol;release of norepinephrine c. amphetamine; release of acetylcholine d. ketamine; blocks reuptake of dopamine e. cannabis; nicotinic ACh receptor agonist
Answer: a. cocaine; blocks reuptake of dopamine
18.1-83. Administration of haloperidol to a person before he or she consumed alcohol would be expected to a. decrease his or her alcohol consumption. b. increase his or her alcohol consumption. c. reduce the sedating effect of alcohol. d. increase the reinforcing effect of alcohol. e. intensify the magnitude of their hangover the following day.
Answer: a. decrease his or her alcohol consumption.
18.1-69. The reinforcing actions of nicotine are on ________ cells within the ________. a. dopamine; ventral tegmental area b. norepinephrine; nucleus accumbens c. dopamine; nucleus accumbens d. glutamate; ventral tegmental area e. dopamine; lateral hypothalamus
Answer: a. dopamine; ventral tegmental area
18.1-5. Your text suggests that ________ is the most universally used recreational drug. a. ethyl alcohol b. cannabis c. morphine d. cocaine e. nicotine
Answer: a. ethyl alcohol
18.1-2. Which of the following is a known negative consequence of alcohol addiction? a. fetal alcohol syndrome b. lung cancer c. stroke d. cirrhosis of the kidney e. psychotic behavior
Answer: a. fetal alcohol syndrome
18.1-43. The experience of stress has been found to a. increase the amount of cocaine self-administered by rats. b. reduce the high produced by cocaine. c. render rats resistant to the reinforcing effects of cocaine. d. block the craving for cocaine in abstinent addicts. e. inactivate orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus.
Answer: a. increase the amount of cocaine self-administered by rats.
18.1-82. The anxiolytic effects of alcohol may be due to a. increased sensitivity of GABA receptors. b. release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. c. inhibition of the limbic system. d. release of glycine from cells within the spinal cord. e. increased activity within the ventral tegmental area.
Answer: a. increased sensitivity of GABA receptors.
18.1-74. The capacity of smoking to reduce appetite may result from a. inhibition of lateral hypothalamic MCH neurons. b. potentiation of dopamine cell activity in the ventral tegmental area. c. release of glutamate in the lateral hypothalamus. d. activation of lateral hypothalamic GABA receptors that excite MCH neurons. e. activation of cells of the insula.
Answer: a. inhibition of lateral hypothalamic MCH neurons.
18.1-37. A rat is trained to self-administer cocaine. Saline is substituted for the cocaine solution, which results in extinction of responding. In this situation, the capacity for a "free" shot of cocaine to reinstate responding for cocaine can be blocked by a. injection of AMPA into the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. b. injection of a dopamine agonist into the nucleus accumbens. c. glutamate induced activation of the ventral tegmental area. d. injection of a dopamine agonist into the prefrontal cortex. e. injection of glycine into the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. .
Answer: a. injection of AMPA into the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
18.1-35. Imaging studies suggest that the activity of the _______ is inversely proportional to the amount of cocaine that users take each week. a. medial prefrontal cortex b. hypothalamus c. dorsal anterior cingulated cortex d. nucleus accumbens e. ventral tegmental area
Answer: a. medial prefrontal cortex
18.1-86. If a new drug is developed that is a potent CB1 agonist, one would expect this drug to a. produce a "high" similar to that of marijuana. b. repair memory in elderly dementia patients. c. erode the moral values of this country. d. suppress D2 receptors. e. produce conditioned aversion for the areas in which the drug is experienced.
Answer: a. produce a "high" similar to that of marijuana.
18.1-96. A major difficulty for the treatment of opiate addiction is that antagonists for the opiate receptors a. produce craving for the opiate. b. block the euphoric effects of the opiates. c. are useful for preventing overdose. d. cannot easily get into brain. e. have very short half-lives, thus requiring more frequent treatments.
Answer: a. produce craving for the opiate.
18.1-23. Persons in the ________ age group are MOST likely to develop drug addiction. a. 10-14 b. 20-30 c. 55-75 d. 15-18 e. 31-54
Answer: d. 15-18
18.1-16. The common aspect of all natural reinforcers relates to a. the release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens. b. the release of norepinephrine within the locus coeruleus. c. the release of dopamine within the lateral hypothalamus. d. inactivation of the frontal cortex. e. activation of the medulla.
Answer: a. the release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens.
18.1-79. The reinforcing effect of alcohol is due to a. the release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens. b. loss of inhibition of brain cells. c. the suppression of serotonin within the nucleus accumbens. d. indirect changes in NMDA receptors. e. the capacity to reduce anxiety.
Answer: a. the release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens.
18.1-56. You would expect that an injection of an opiate drug into the ________ would activate dopamine neurons in the nucleus accumbens. a. ventral tegmental area b. medial septal region c. periaqueductal gray matter d. preoptic area e. cingulate cortex
Answer: a. ventral tegmental area
18.1-22. Volkow and colleagues, using an imaging technique, reported that release of dopamine in the ________ was increased by human exposure to drug-associated cues. a. dorsal striatum b. ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) c. hypothalamus d. hippocampus e. amygdala
Answer: a: dorsal striatum
18.1-18. Which of the following is true of the neural substrates of reinforcement? a. Aversive stimuli do not increase dopamine levels within the accumbens. b. Release of dopamine within the accumbens is a necessary condition for reinforcement. c. Damage to brain dopamine systems enhances the reinforcing properties of addictive drugs. d. Release of dopamine within the accumbens is a sufficient condition for reinforcement. e. Drugs that increase dopamine by blocking reuptake are not addictive.
Answer: b. Release of dopamine within the accumbens is a necessary condition for reinforcement.
18.1-92. Research on the genetics of drug dependence indicates that a. alcoholism and smoking are independent diseases. b. alcoholism and smoking share common genetic factors. c. smokers are high in status and achievement, but low in sensation seeking. d. alcoholics are high in status and achievement, but low in sensation seeking. e. environmental factors are more important than genetic factors in drug abuse.
Answer: b. alcoholism and smoking share common genetic factors.
18.1-76. At low doses, alcohol a. inhibits cerebellar function. b. has an anxiolytic effect. c. reduces body temperature. d. decreases GABA activity. e. inhibits the spinal cord, thereby blocking incoming pain messages.
Answer: b. has an anxiolytic effect.
18.1- 91. The risk of ________ may be increased in cannabis users. a. anxiety b. psychosis c. mania d. depression e. obesity
Answer: b. psychosis
18.1-41. Which of the following factors is a predictor of your risk for hospitalization for schizophrenia? a. your religious preference b. smoking more than 10 cigarettes per day c. whether you had served in the military d. consuming at least 10 diet drinks per day e. having a friend who developed schizophrenia
Answer: b. smoking more than 10 cigarettes per day
18.1-4. Which of the following is an adverse consequence of the use of "designer drugs"? a. stroke b. toxic consequences of drug adulteration c. diabetes d. heart disease e. lung cancer
Answer: b. toxic consequences of drug adulteration.
18.1-30. The ________ plays a key role in the extinction of drug responding. a. orbitofrontal cortex b. ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) c. hypothalamus d. hippocampus e. amygdala Difficulty: 2
Answer: b. ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)
18.1-9. The drug _______ is an agonist at CB1 receptors. a. alcohol b. marijuana c. LSD d. cocaine e. nicotine
Answer: b: marijuana
18.1-21. Activation of neurons within the ________ appears to play a key role in the early reinforcing actions of drugs. a. thalamus b. nucleus accumbens c. amygdala d. dorsal striatum e. hippocampus
Answer: b: nucleus accumbens
18.1-27. Which of the following illustrates the concept of punishment? a. A man ingests an aspirin to rid himself of a strong headache. b. A hungry rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet. c. A rat presses a lever that results in delivery of a shock through the floor of the chamber. d. A woman injects heroin into her veins to obtain a "rush." e. A child is given a cookie after screaming at the dinner table.
Answer: c. A rat presses a lever that results in delivery of a shock through the floor of the chamber.
18.1-19. Early changes in the brain during exposure to addictive drugs involves the insertion of ________ receptors into neuron membranes located within the ________. a. GABA; hippocampus b. D2; nucleus accumbens c. AMPA; VTA d. glycine; VTA e. AMPA; amygdala
Answer: c. AMPA; VTA
18.1-70. Which of the following may explain why smokers obtain more pleasure from smoking in the morning than late in the afternoon? a. Nicotine receptors are in the open state in the morning. b. Nicotine receptors are in the closed state in the evening. c. Abstinence from nicotine has reset their nicotine receptors to the closed state. d. Smoking decreases the number of nicotine receptors in the brain. e. Smoking decreases the number of nicotine receptors outside the brain.
Answer: c. Abstinence from nicotine has reset their nicotine receptors to the closed state.
18.1-28. ________ refers to a compulsion to take a drug. a. Drug tolerance b. Allostasis c. Craving d. Homeostasis e. Withdrawal
Answer: c. Craving
18.1-57. Which of the following is true of opiate reinforcement? a. Opiates cause release of dopamine within the hippocampus. b. Injections of opiates into the spinal cord are reinforcing. c. Injections of opiates into the VTA are reinforcing. d. Natural rewards involve cholinergic and opiate systems. e. Naloxone blocks cocaine reinforcement.
Answer: c. Injections of opiates into the VTA are reinforcing.
18.1-44. The drug ________ is unique in that it will NOT support addiction. a. nicotine b. heroin c. LSD d. alcohol e. cocaine
Answer: c. LSD
18.1-14. The key property of addictive drugs relates to a. their capacity to produce tolerance. b. the withdrawal that follows termination of the drug. c. their rapid reinforcing effects. d. their ability to inhibit dopamine in brain. e. their ability to produce rapidly physical dependence.
Answer: c. their rapid reinforcing effects.
18.1-64. Which of the following statements about the effects of cocaine in laboratory animals are true? a. Cocaine is more reinforcing in humans than in rats. b. Rats do not self-inject cocaine. c. Rats that self-injected cocaine were three times more likely to die from an overdose than rats who self-injected heroin. d. Rats that learn to self-administer cocaine develop psychosis. e. Cocaine decreases dopamine with the nucleus accumbens.
Answer: c. Rats that self-injected cocaine were three times more likely to die from an overdose than are rats who self-injected heroin.
18.1-7. People are most likely to have tried the drug ________ during their lifetime. a. morphine b. crack cocaine c. alcohol d. heroin e. LSD
Answer: c. alcohol
18.1-12. Match up the correct pairing of a drug with its site of action: a. cocaine; nicotinic ACh receptor agonist b. ethanol; release of norepinephrine c. amphetamine; release of dopamine d. ketamine; blocks reuptake of dopamine e. cannabis; nicotinic ACh receptor agonist
Answer: c. amphetamine; release of dopamine
18.1-97. A possible treatment for cocaine addiction involving the immune system would be to administer a. antibodies to dopamine transporters. b. drugs that stimulate dopamine receptors. c. antibodies to cocaine. d. gamma-vinyl GABA. e. buprenorphine.
Answer: c. antibodies to cocaine.
18.1-66. Chronic abuse of methamphetamine reduces the number of dopamine transporters in the brain, which may explain why these addicts a. are rarely overweight. b. develop depression while using this drug. c. are more prone to develop Parkinson's disease as they age. d. move on to "harder" drugs as they get older. e. are less prone to Parkinson's disease as they age.
Answer: c. are more prone to develop Parkinson's disease as they age.
18.1-75. The primary mode of action by which alcohol can produce apoptosis is as a(n) a. direct agonist at GABAA receptors. b. agonist at α1 adrenoceptors. c. direct antagonist at GABAA receptors. d. indirect antagonist at glycine receptors. e. cholinergic agonist.
Answer: c. direct antagonist at GABAA receptors.
18.1-36. Neurons within the ________ facilitate drug craving. a. medial prefrontal cortex b. hippocampus c. dorsal anterior cingulate cortex d. hypothalamus e. cerebellum
Answer: c. dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
18.1-81. Withdrawal from alcohol use leads to seizures, which may reflect a. damage to cholinergic cells in the hippocampus. b. an upregulation of GABA transmission in brain. c. facilitation of activity at NMDA receptors. d. release of GABA within the cerebellum. e. more long-term potentiation within the cortex.
Answer: c. facilitation of activity at NMDA receptors.
18.1-1. The major issue John faced in the opening vignette of the drug abuse chapter was ________ addiction. a. alcohol b. nicotine c. heroin d. cocaine e. food
Answer: c. heroin
18.1-88. If a new drug is developed that is a potent CB1 antagonist, one would expect this drug to a. produce a "high" similar to that of marijuana. b. repair memory in elderly dementia patients. c. impair the reinforcing actions of drugs such as nicotine, cocaine and alcohol. d. suppress D2 receptors. e. produce conditioned aversion for the areas in which the drug is experienced.
Answer: c. impair the reinforcing actions of drugs such as nicotine, cocaine and alcohol
18.1-72. Infusion of an inhibitory drug into the _______ would be expected to reduce nicotine self-administration in rats. a. dorsomedial PFC b. anterior cingulate cortex c. insula d. hippocampus e. amygdala
Answer: c. insula
18.1-80. The harmful effects of alcohol on learning and memory may reflect a. release of GABA within the cerebellum. b. damage to cholinergic cells in the hippocampus. c. interference with NMDA receptors and long-term potentiation. d. an upregulation of GABA transmission in brain. e. loss of glial cells in layers 4-6 of the cortex.
Answer: c. interference with NMDA receptors and long-term potentiation.
18.1-61. The behavioral effects of amphetamine are due to a. the blockade of reuptake of dopamine. b. a change in transporter levels in the postsynaptic membrane. c. its ability to directly release dopamine from the terminal buttons. d. the blockade of reuptake of serotonin. e. its ability to directly release serotonin from the terminal buttons.
Answer: c. its ability to directly release dopamine from the terminal buttons.
18.1-51. Match up the correct pairing of opiate receptor and opiate effect: a. mu; sedating b. delta; aversive c. kappa; aversive d. mu; aversive e. kappa; reinforcing
Answer: c. kappa; aversive
18.1-60. Cocaine and amphetamine a. each increase the reuptake of dopamine. b. are less toxic than heroin and morphine, based on animal studies. c. may cause psychotic behavior that resembles schizophrenia. d. typically cause stereotyped movements after long-term exposure of several months. e. are unlikely to be abused by adult humans.
Answer: c. may cause psychotic behavior that resembles schizophrenia.
18.1-95. The drug ________ is useful for the treatment of opiate overdose. a. heroin b. demerol c. naloxone d. methadone e. codeine
Answer: c. naloxone
18.1-53. Opiate receptors in the ________ are responsible for the analgesia caused by opiate drugs. a. nucleus accumbens b. preoptic area c. periaqueductal gray matter d. mesencephalic reticular formation e. ventral segmental area
Answer: c. periaqueductal gray matter
18.1-48. The analgesic effect of opiates is due to activation of neurons within the a. cerebellum b. medulla. c. periaqueductal gray matter. d. preoptic area. e. spinal cord.
Answer: c. periaqueductal gray matter.
18.1-94. Susceptibility to alcoholism is most likely linked to variability in a. family patterns of alcohol abuse. b. emotional dependence. c. reactivity to environmental stressors. d. lack of guilt about drinking. e. metabolism of alcohol.
Answer: c. reactivity to environmental stressors.
18.1-39. Long-term drug use can result in a. elevated dopamine production in the VTA. b. greater activation of the prefrontal cortex. c. structural abnormalities of the prefrontal cortex. d. superior gambling performance. e. longer life span and better mental adjustment.
Answer: c. structural abnormalities of the prefrontal cortex.
18.1-26. Which of the following illustrates the concept of negative reinforcement? a. A woman injects heroin into her veins to obtain a "rush." b. A hungry rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet. c. A rat presses a lever that results in delivery of a shock through the floor of the chamber. d. A man ingests an aspirin to rid himself of a strong headache. e. A child is sent to his room after screaming at the dinner table.
Answer: d. A man ingests an aspirin to rid himself of a strong headache.
18.1-67. Which of the following is an indication of the problems caused by nicotine? a. Nicotine interacts with other factors to promote stroke. b. Nearly 10 percent of long-term smokers will die from smoking-related causes. c. It is estimated that in a few years, smoking will be the largest single health problem in the world. d. Fetuses exposed to nicotine in utero show health problems. e. Nicotine is less addictive than is LSD.
Answer: d. Fetuses exposed to nicotine in utero show health problems.
18.1-15. Which of the following is an explanation of why drug addicts prefer heroin over morphine? a. Heroin is cheaper than morphine. b. Morphine enters brain faster than does morphine. c. Heroin is less lipid-soluble than is morphine. d. Heroin exerts effects on the brain faster than does morphine. e. Morphine is cheaper than heroin.
Answer: d. Heroin exerts effects on brain faster than does morphine.
18.1-46. Which of the following is true of opiate addiction? a. Heroin use is legal to use under medical supervision. b. The opiate habit is inexpensive. c. Opiates are not addictive. d. Needle-using opiate addicts are at risk for contracting AIDS. e. Rats will self-administer morphine but not heroin.
Answer: d. Needle-using opiate addicts are at risk for contracting AIDS.
18.1-68. Which of the following statements is true of nicotine addiction? a. Nicotine is addictive but is a harmless habit. b. "Nicotine use is a habit, not an addiction." c. Most smokers smoke every other day. d. Smokers often continue to smoke after lung cancer or heart attacks. e. Animals do not self-administer nicotine.
Answer: d. Smokers often continue to smoke after lung cancer or heart attacks.
18.1-45. Which of the following drugs is addictive in humans but does not harm health or induce intoxication? a. L-DOPA b. corticotropin-releasing hormone c. cocaine d. caffeine e. nicotine
Answer: d. caffeine
18.1-93. According to the research of Goldman and colleagues (2005), the heritability of ________ is highest while that of ________ is lowest. a. cocaine; gambling b. alcohol; caffeine c. hallucinogens; nicotine d. cocaine; hallucinogens e. caffeine; gambling
Answer: d. cocaine; hallucinogens
18.1-34. Studies by Volkow indicate that cocaine addicts exhibit ________ during withdrawal from cocaine. a. increased activation of the orbitofrontal cortex b. increased blood flow in the prefrontal cortex c. increased blood flow in the anterior cingulate cortex d. decreased activation of the medial prefrontal cortex e. decreased dopamine production in the nucleus accumbens
Answer: d. decreased activation of the medial prefrontal cortex
18.1-38. Imaging studies indicate that greater consumption of cocaine produces a. increased activation of the orbitofrontal cortex. b. increased blood flow in the prefrontal cortex. c. increased blood flow in the anterior cingulate cortex. d. decreased activation of the medial prefrontal cortex. e. decreased dopamine production in the nucleus accumbens.
Answer: d. decreased activation of the medial prefrontal cortex.
18.1- 20. Activation of neurons within the ________ during repeated drug injection appears to play a key role in the compulsive nature of drug abuse. a. hippocampus b. nucleus accumbens c. amygdala d. dorsal striatum e. hypothalamus
Answer: d. dorsal striatum
18.1-73. Patients who suffered damage to their ________ were able to effortlessly quit smoking. a. vmPFC b. ventral tegmental area c. accumbens d. insula e. hippocampus
Answer: d. insula
18.1-58. Research using antagonist-precipitated withdrawal indicates that the ________ plays a key role in producing opiate withdrawal symptoms. a. amygdala b. orbitofrontal cortex c. hypothalamus d. locus coeruleus e. reticular formation
Answer: d. locus coeruleus
18.1-87. The key active ingredient in ________ is THC. a. cigarettes b. chewing tobacco c. snuff d. marijuana e. tequila
Answer: d. marijuana
18.1-54. Opiate receptors in the ________ are responsible for the sedation caused by opiate drugs. a. nucleus accumbens b. preoptic area c. periaqueductal gray matter d. mesencephalic reticular formation e. ventral segmental area
Answer: d. mesencephalic reticular formation
18.1- 98. The drug _______ is able to act as a substitute for heroin but has low abuse potential because it has a slow onset of and duration of action. a. heroin b. demerol c. naloxone d. methadone e. codeine Difficulty: 3
Answer: d. methadone
18.1-50. Administration of a drug that is an agonist at only mu receptors would be expected to produce a. hyperthermia. b. arousal. c. sedation. d. reinforcement. e. dysphoria.
Answer: d. reinforcement.
18.1-40. An important comorbidity of schizophrenia is a. depression. b. mania. c. gambling disorder. d. substance abuse disorder. e. borderline personality disorder.
Answer: d. substance abuse disorder.
18.1-90. The memory impairment produced by marijuana may be due to a. release of norepinephrine within the amygdala. b. its effect on the perceptual systems. c. loss of glial cells in the cortex. d. the ability of THC to overstimulate CB1 function in the hippocampus. e. the capacity of CB1 receptors to control apoptosis.
Answer: d. the ability of THC to overstimulate CB1 function in the hippocampus.
18.1-33. Which of the following is a model for the study of drug craving? a. intravenous self-administration b. the homeostasis model c. incentive salience conditioning d. the reinstatement model e. the rapid acquisition model
Answer: d. the reinstatement model
18.1-8. Drugs are reinforcing when a. they cause good feelings. b. there is a long interval between a response and the drug onset. c. the drug onset is slow and steady. d. they rapidly activate the reinforcement mechanism. e. the drug has an extremely delayed onset of action.
Answer: d. they rapidly activate the reinforcement mechanism.
18.1-29. Which of the following illustrates the concept of craving? a. A man ingests an aspirin to rid himself of a strong headache. b. A hungry rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet. c. A rat presses a lever that results in delivery of a shock through the floor of the chamber. d. A woman injects heroin into her veins to obtain a "rush." e. An injection of cocaine reinstates responding for intravenous cocaine in a rat that underwent extinction of cocaine responding.
Answer: e. An injection of cocaine reinstates responding for intravenous cocaine in a rat that underwent extinction of cocaine responding.
18.1-63. Which of the following statements is true of cocaine? a. Cocaine administration decreases dopamine within the nucleus accumbens. b. Damage to the amygdale impairs cocaine reinforcement. c. Cocaine abuse can produce obsessive-compulsive disorder. d. Drugs that block GABA receptors within the nucleus accumbens impair cocaine reinforcement. e. Rats will self-administer cocaine into their vascular system.
Answer: e. Rats will self-administer cocaine into their vascular system.
18.1-55. Administration of an opiate drug that is an agonist at only kappa receptors would be expected to produce a. hypothermia. b. analgesia. c. sedation. d. reinforcement. e. an aversive state.
Answer: e. an aversive state.
18.1-71. The drug rimonabant a. stimulates CB2 receptors in the brain. b. facilitates nicotine self-administration in rats. c. increases the release of dopamine with the nucleus accumbens. d. blocks nicotine receptors. e. diminishes craving for smoking during smoking cessation.
Answer: e. diminishes craving for smoking during smoking cessation.
18.1-31. The ________ plays a key role in the extinction of drug responding. a. orbitofrontal cortex b. ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) c. hypothalamus d. hippocampus e. dorsal anterior cingulate cortex.
Answer: e. dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
18.1-65. A person who is admitted to a hospital with symptoms of paranoid psychosis may actually suffer from a. opiate addiction. b. a chemical imbalance involving the dopamine system. c. damage to the orbitofrontal cortex. d. excessive use of caffeine. e. excessive use of amphetamine or cocaine.
Answer: e. excessive use of amphetamine or cocaine.
18.1- 89. The chemical cannabidiol is a component of marijuana that a. induces euphoria. b. has potent psychotropic effects c. is a potent agonist at CB2 receptors. d. produces anxiety. e. has antipsychotic effects.
Answer: e. has antipsychotic effects.
18.1-52. Match up the correct pairing of opiate receptor and opiate effect: a. mu; sedating b. delta; aversive c. kappa; aversive d. mu; aversive e. mu; reinforcing
Answer: e. mu; reinforcing
18.1-6. The use of ________ by pregnant women leads to reduced birth weight. a. ethyl alcohol b. marijuana c. morphine in pill form d. cocaine in powder form e. nicotine in tobacco
Answer: e. nicotine in tobacco
18.1-49. Administration of an opiate a. decreases locomotor activity. b. raises body temperature. c. induces pain. d. causes arousal. e. results in reinforcement.
Answer: e. results in reinforcement.
18.1-77. Alcohol use produces negative reinforcement by a. stimulating the emesis center in the brainstem. b. activation of dopamine receptors within the VTA. c. loosening of inhibitions. d. activation of a hypothalamic satiety mechanism. e. the relief of anxiety.
Answer: e. the relief of anxiety.
18.1-32. Which of the following situations would be likely to induce the greatest craving in an alcoholic? a.
talking to a friend who has just been released from drug rehabilitation b. sitting in his or her favorite bar during happy hour c. viewing a television commercial for Budweiser d. riding a bus through his or her childhood town e. hearing glass break glass Answer: b. sitting in his or her favorite bar during happy hour