Ch 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
87 mm Hg (MAP=diastolic+(pulse pressure/3) Pulse pressure=diff between systolic and diastolic pressure)
Calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP) if systolic blood pressure is 120 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure is 70 mm Hg. -93 mm Hg -95 mm Hg -80 mm Hg -87 mm Hg
sinusoidal capillaries (Sinusoidal capillaries are the most permeable type of capillary due to large intercellular clefts among their endothelial cells. These capillaries allow large molecules-even blood cells-to pass into the surrounding tissue. Sinusoidal capillaries are found in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla.)
Leaky capillaries found in the bone marrow are called __________. -continuous capillaries -fenestrated capillaries -arterioles -sinusoidal capillaries
False
All capillary beds are continuously perfused with blood. -True -False
an increase in heart contractility
A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following? -an increase in heart contractility -vasodilation of arterioles -a decrease in heart rate -a decrease in cardiac output
True
A sustained blood pressure of 140/90 or greater indicates hypertension in the patient. -True -False
capillaries
Gas and nutrient exchanges between the blood and tissues take place at the __________. -arterioles -arteries -veins -capillaries
increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity
If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)? -increased PNS and SNS activity -increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity -decreased PNS activity and increased SNS activity
blood pressure
In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________. -proteins in the blood -blood pressure
venous
Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary? -venous -arterial
an increase in heart rate and contractility
Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following? -vasodilation of arteries -an increase in heart rate and contractility -a decrease in cardiac output -a decrease in blood pressure
elastic artery (Elastic arteries are thick-walled arteries near the heart. These arteries are the largest in diameter. Elastic arteries act as pressure reservoirs; they expand and contract as blood is ejected from the heart.)
The aorta is an example of a(n) __________. -vein -elastic artery -arteriole -muscular artery
proteins in the blood
The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________. -proteins in the blood -blood pressure
capillary; interstitial fluid
The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________. -interstitial fluid; capillary -capillary; interstitial fluid
blood can still return via the deep veins
Varicose veins seen in the superficial veins of the legs are unsightly and often treated by surgically removing them. However, even without these veins being present, the return of all blood toward the heart from the legs is not diminished primarily because ______. -the precapillary sphincters will contract to prevent blood from flowing toward areas where veins have been removed -blood can still return via the deep veins -in the absence of the venous valves (that have been removed), the blood will backflow into the capillary beds and then flow into other venules -All of the listed responses are correct.
true
Vasodilation will result in increased blood flow to a given tissue. -True -False
False
Veins carry only oxygen deficient blood. -True -False
nitric oxide
Which of the following promotes vasodilation? -angiotensin II -antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -norepinephrine -nitric oxide
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone released by the heart. It stimulates the kidney to excrete more sodium and water, which decreases total blood volume, leading to a reduction in blood pressure.)
Which of the following will lower blood pressure? -antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -angiotensin II -aldosterone -atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
arterioles
What blood vessel experiences the steepest drop in blood pressure? -venules -capillaries -arterioles -arteries
tunica externa
What is the outermost layer of the blood vessel wall for an artery or vein? -subendothelial layer -tunica media -tunica externa -tunica intima
elastic tissue (The arteries contain elastic tissue because they receive blood under great pressure. They are pressure reservoirs, expanding and recoiling as blood is ejected from the heart. Capillaries are very thin, consisting of just a tunica intima, functioning as sites of gas and nutrient exchange between the blood and tissues. Large venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells (a scanty tunica media) and a thin tunica externa. Veins have all three tunics, but their walls are always thinner and their lumens larger than those of corresponding arteries.)
What type of tissue is found in the walls of the arteries but not in the walls of capillaries and venules? -smooth muscle -endothelium -elastic tissue -collagen fibers
vein
What type of vessel has relatively little smooth muscle or elastin in the tunica media, a large lumen (average of 5.0 mm in diameter), and thin walls (average of 0.5 mm)? -arteriole -vein -venule -muscular artery
muscular artery
What type of vessel has relatively more smooth muscle and less elastic tissue? -capillary -arteriole -elastic artery -muscular artery
capillaries
What vessels sustain a drop in pressure from approximately 35 mm Hg to around 17 mm Hg? -elastic arteries -veins -capillaries -arterioles
carotid sinus and aortic arch
Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located? -cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata -The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems -carotid sinus and aortic arch
continuous capillaries
Which capillaries are the most common in the body? -anastomoses -fenestrated capillaries -sinusoids -continuous capillaries
aldosterone
Which hormone of the indirect renal mechanism promotes sodium reabsorption by the kidneys to increase mean arterial pressure? -atrial natriuretic peptide hormone (ANP) -antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -aldosterone -thirst
tunica intima
Which layer of the typical blood vessel is constructed from simple squamous epithelium? -tunica intima -vasa vasorum -tunica media -tunica externa
tunica media
Which layer of the typical vessel can be regulated via vasoconstriction or vasodilation? -tunica media -tunica intima -vasa vasorum -tunica externa
net osmotic pressure
Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary? -net osmotic pressure -net hydrostatic pressure
endothelins
Which of the following intrinsic mechanisms (autoregulation) for controlling arteriolar smooth muscle diameter promotes vasoconstriction? -endothelins -histamine -prostaglandins -nitrous oxide
total blood volume
Which of the following is NOT an important source of resistance to blood flow? -blood viscosity -vessel diameter -total blood volume -vessel length
Angiotensin II promotes vasodilation that decreases peripheral resistance.
Which of the following is NOT one of the four ways in which angiotensin II works to increase arterial blood pressure and extracellular fluid volume? -Angiotensin II triggers the sensation of thirst. -Angiotensin II promotes vasodilation that decreases peripheral resistance. -Angiotensin II prompts the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). -Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of aldosterone.
renal regulation
Which of the following is a long-term mechanism for maintaining blood pressure? -baroceptor-initiated reflexes -hormonal control of peripheral resistance -renal regulation -chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes
low oxygen levels
Which of the following is a metabolic factor that influences blood flow? -low oxygen levels -reduced stretch of vascular smooth muscle -release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla -decreased sympathetic tone
nitric oxide
Which of the following is a stimulus in local autoregulation of blood flow? -epinephrine -angiotensin II -nitric oxide -sympathetic nerve impulses
renal mechanisms
Which of the following is involved in long-term blood pressure regulation? -chemoreceptor reflexes -renal mechanisms -higher brain center -baroreceptors
Veins have valves; arteries do not.
Which of the following is true about veins? -Veins have a smaller diameter lumen than arteries. -Veins carry blood away from the heart, while arteries carry blood to the heart. -Veins are more muscular than arteries. -Veins have valves; arteries do not.
conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II
Which of the following would be interrupted in the indirect renal mechanism if angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is blocked from performing its job? -sympathetic nervous system activity -conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II -release of renin from the kidneys -conversion of angiotensin I from angiotensinogen
decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles? -decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system -increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system -decreased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system -increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system
anemia
Which of the following would decrease peripheral resistance to blood flow? -atherosclerosis -vasoconstriction -increasing blood vessel length -anemia
kidneys
Which of the following would experience a decreased blood flow during exercise? -skin -kidneys -skeletal muscles -brain
34 mm Hg
Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary? -12 mm Hg -34 mm Hg -1 mm Hg
elastic artery
Which type of vessel contains elastin in all three tunics to allow the vessel to expand and recoil as the heart ejects blood? -arteriole -muscular artery -distributing artery -elastic artery
Because capillaries are fragile and extremely permeable.
Why is it important that blood pressure drop to lower levels as it reaches the capillary beds? -Because capillaries actually are high-pressure vessels. -Because capillaries are fragile and extremely permeable. -Because capillaries actually need a higher blood pressure for filtration activities. -Because capillaries depend on the lower pressure to prevent fluid exchange between the capillaries and the tissue fluid.
Mean arterial pressure
__________ is the pressure that propels blood to the tissues. -Diastolic pressure -Systolic pressure -Pulse pressure -Mean arterial pressure