Ch 2: Chemical Bonding (32-33)
Ionic bonding typically forms a _ structure, and the proportion of the ions is determined by the _
3-D crystal lattice, charges
Define Molecules
A chemical structure consisting of one or more elements held together by covalent bonds
Define Compound
A chemical substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements, regardless of the type of bond joining them
Define Polar Molecule
A molecule with partial charges
Define Covalent Bonds
Bonds involving atoms sharing electrons to form molecules
A water molecule is polar because _
Each hydrogen atom carries a slightly positive (𝛿+) charge, and the oxygen atom carries a slightly negative charge (𝛿-)
The two major bond types
Ionic and Covalent
Define Nonpolar Molecules
Molecules on which there is no electrical charge due to participating atoms sharing electrons equally in a typical covalent bond
True or False: Some molecules are formed by covalent bonds that involve an unequal sharing of electrons
True
Define Hydrogen Bonds
Weak attraction between partial charges in polar molecules
Chemical bonding results in the creation of new chemical entities called _ and _
compounds, molecules
The smaller black arrows on this diagram are the _
dipoles
An oxygen (O₂) molecule is formed by a _ covalent bond because _
double, an oxygen atom has 6 electrons in its outer energy level and two pairs of electrons are shared with another oxygen atom
If one atom in a covalent bond "hogs" the _, the charge is _
electrons, uneven
Intramolecular hydrogen bonding is used to _
hold the shape of some large organic molecules
The structural formula of a molecule uses _, while the molecular formula uses _
lines, subscripts
Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is responsible for _
many of water's interesting properties
Molecules are _ with more than one _
particles, atom
Hydrogen is often the _ atom in a _ covalent bond
positive, polar
The formation of a chemical bond changes the _ of both reactants
properties
Covalent bonds can be _, _, or _
single, double, triple
A hydrogen (H₂) molecule is formed by a _ covalent bond because _
single, two hydrogen atoms share their electrons to fill their outer energy levels and one electron comes form each atom
Chemical bonds are formed when atoms become _ and _ one another
stable, join
The larger black arrow on this diagram shows _
the overall polarity of the molecule
A carbon dioxide (CO₂) molecule is formed by a _ covalent bond because _
triple, a carbon atom has 4 electrons in its outer energy level and needs to gain 4 electrons from other atoms to achieve stability
The red lines on this diagram show where oxygen's own _ are
unshared electrons
The _ attractions in the _ bonds are NOT _ in place, however there is still an attraction there
weak, hydrogen, locked
Define Ionic Bonds
Chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions)
Define Polar Covalent Bond
Covalent bonds that produce polar molecules
Describe the concept of electronegativity
Some atoms have a stronger pull to electrons than other atoms do
What do ionic bonds involve?
The transfer of one or more electrons from an atom that can lose them to achieve stability, to another atom that can gain them to achieve stability
Define Intramolecular
Within the molecule