Ch. 20 Review
Venous end net filtration pressure
-7 mmHg
elastic artery
(also, conducting artery) artery with abundant elastic fibers located closer to the heart, which maintains the pressure gradient and conducts blood to smaller branches
muscular artery
(also, distributing artery) artery with abundant smooth muscle in the tunica media that branches to distribute blood to the arteriole network
Arterial end net filtration pressure
+10 mmHg
Which of the following statements is true? -In one day, more fluid exits the capillary through filtration than enters through reabsorption. -In one day, approximately 35 mm of blood are filtered and 7 mm are reabsorbed.
In one day, more fluid exits the capillary through filtration than enters through reabsorption.
The endothelium is found in the ________.
tunica intima
fenestrated capillary
type of capillary with pores or fenestrations in the endothelium that allow for rapid passage of certain small materials
hypovolemic shock
type of circulatory shock caused by excessive loss of blood volume due to hemorrhage or possibly dehydration
anaphylactic shock
type of shock that follows a severe allergic reaction and results from massive vasodilation
vascular shock
type of shock that occurs when arterioles lose their normal muscular tone and dilate dramatically
cariogenic shock
type of shock that results from the inability of the heart to maintain cardiac output
In the myogenic response, ________.
vascular smooth muscle responds to stretch
venous reserve
volume of blood contained within systemic veins in the integument, bone marrow, and liver that can be returned to the heart for circulation, if needed
In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, ________. -aldosterone prompts increased urine output -aldosterone prompts the kidneys to reabsorb sodium
aldosterone prompts the kidneys to reabsorb sodium
resistance
any condition or parameter that slows or counteracts the flow of blood
The coronary arteries branch off of the ________. -aortic valve -ascending aorta
ascending aorta
sphygmomanometer
blood pressure cuff attached to a device that measures blood pressure
artery
blood vessel that conducts blood away from the heart
Nervi vasorum control ________.
both vasoconstriction and vasodilation
exchanges occurring from tissues to capillary
carbon dioxide, water, and wastes
Arteries serving the stomach, pancreas, and liver all branch from the ________. -superior mesenteric artery -celiac trunk
celiac trunk
precapillary sphincters
circular rings of smooth muscle that surround the entrance to a capillary and regulate blood flow into that capillary
vasoconstriction
constriction of the smooth muscle of a blood vessel, resulting in a decreased vascular diameter
vascular shunt
continuation of the metarteriole and thoroughfare channel that allows blood to bypass the capillary beds to flow directly from the arterial to the venous circulation
velocity ____________ from aorta to arteries to capillaries
decreases
compliance
degree to which a blood vessel can stretch as opposed to being rigid
In a blood pressure measurement of 110/70, the number 70 is the ________.
diastolic pressure
pulse pressure
difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures
perfusion
distribution of blood into the capillaries so the tissues can be supplied
Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)
force blood exerts against a capillary
Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)
force driving fluid out of the capillary and into the tissue spaces; equal to the difference of the capillary hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloidal osmotic pressure
blood pressure
force exerted by the blood against the wall of a vessel or heart chamber; can be described with the more generic term hydrostatic pressure
The longer the vessel,...
higher resistance, higher pressure, lower blood flow
flow is slowest where cross-sectional area is
highest
Slight vasodilation in an arteriole prompts a ________.
huge decrease in resistance
A form of circulatory shock common in young children with severe diarrhea or vomiting is ________. -hypovolemic shock -anaphylactic shock
hypovolemic shock
Decreased compliance leads to...
increased resistance, increased blood pressure, reduced blood flow increasing work of heart
velocity ___________ from capillaries to veins to R. atrium
increases
ischemia
insufficient blood flow to the tissues
lumen
interior of a tubular structure such as a blood vessel or a portion of the alimentary canal through which blood, chyme, or other substances travel
A healthy elastic artery ________. is compliant reduces blood flow
is compliant
Hypoxia
lack of oxygen supply to the tissues
systolic pressure
larger number recorded when measuring arterial blood pressure; represents the maximum value following ventricular contraction
The hepatic portal system delivers blood from the digestive organs to the ________.
liver
diastolic pressure
lower number recorded when measuring arterial blood pressure; represents the minimal value corresponding to the pressure that remains during ventricular relaxation
bulk flow
mass movement of fluids into and out of the capillary beds
Blood islands are ________.
masses of developing blood vessels and formed -elements scattered throughout the embryonic disc
cardiac output
measured in L/min, varies directly with heart rate and stroke volume, results in blood pressure and promotes blood flow
internal elastic membrane
membrane composed of elastic fibers that separates the tunica intima from the tunica media; seen in larger arteries
external elastic membrane
membrane composed of elastic fibers that separates the tunica media from the tunica externa; seen in larger arteries
continuous capillary
most common type of capillary, found in virtually all tissues except epithelia and cartilage; contains very small gaps in the endothelial lining that permit exchange
The ductus venosus is a shunt that allows ________.
most freshly oxygenated blood to flow into the fetal heart
capillary bed
network of 10-100 capillaries connecting arterioles to venules
Korotkoff sounds
noises created by turbulent blood flow through the vessels
exchanges occurring from capillary to tissues
oxygen, water, glucose, and amino acids
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
pressure driving blood through vascular system; approximated by taking diastolic pressure and adding 1/3 of pulse pressure
blood colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP)
pressure exerted by colloids suspended in blood within a vessel; a primary determinant is the presence of plasma proteins
effects of ANP endocrine regulation
promotes loss of sodium and water from the kidneys, suppresses renin, aldosterone, and ADH
sinusoid capillaries
rarest type of capillary, which has extremely large intercellular gaps in the basement membrane in addition to clefts and fenestrations; found in areas such as the bone marrow and liver where passage of large molecules occurs
vasodilation
relaxation of the smooth muscle in the wall of a blood vessel, resulting in an increased vascular diameter
metarteriole
short vessel arising from a terminal arteriole that branches to supply a capillary bed
arteriovenous anastomosis
short vessel connecting an arteriole directly to a venule and bypassing the capillary beds
An especially leaky type of capillary found in the liver and certain other tissues is called a ________.
sinusoid capillary
vasa vasorum
small blood vessels located within the walls or tunics of larger vessels that supply nourishment to and remove wastes from the cells of the vessels
nervi vasorum
small nerve fibers found in arteries and veins that trigger contraction of the smooth muscle in their walls
venule
small vessel leading from the capillaries to veins
capillaries
smallest of blood vessels where physical exchange occurs between the blood and tissue cells surrounded by interstitial fluid
Net filtration pressure is calculated by ________.
subtracting the blood colloid osmotic pressure from the capillary hydrostatic pressure
Clusters of neurons in the medulla oblongata that regulate blood pressure are known collectively as ________.
the cardiovascular center
blood flow
the movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ, and is usually expressed in terms of volume of blood per unit of time
Filtration
the movement of material from a capillary into the interstitial fluid, moving from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure
reabsorption
the movement of material from the interstitial fluid into the capillaries
Hydrostatic pressure is ________.
the pressure exerted by fluid in an enclosed space
Viscosity
thickness of fluids that affects their abilities to flow, determined by formed elements and plasma proteins
Which of the following best describes veins? -thick walled, small lumens, low pressure, lack valves -thin walled, large lumens, low pressure, have valves
thin walled, large lumens, low pressure, have valves
Venoconstriction increases
-blood pressure within the vein -blood flow within the vein -return of blood to the heart
The right and left brachiocephalic veins ________. -drain blood from the right and left internal jugular veins -drain blood from the right and left subclavian veins -drain into the superior vena cava
-drain blood from the right and left internal jugular veins -drain blood from the right and left subclavian veins -drain into the superior vena cava
mid capillary net filtration pressure
0 mmHg
systemic veins contain ______ of blood volume.
64 %
Which of the following statements is true? -As blood volume decreases, blood pressure and -blood flow also decrease. -Increased viscosity increases blood flow.
As blood volume decreases, blood pressure and -blood flow also decrease.
Which of the following statements is true? -Two umbilical veins carry oxygen-depleted blood from the fetal circulation to the placenta. -One umbilical vein carries oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetal heart.
One umbilical vein carries oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetal heart
Which of the following statements is true? -The left and right common carotid arteries both branch off of the brachiocephalic trunk. -The radial and ulnar arteries join to form the palmar arch.
The radial and ulnar arteries join to form the palmar arch.
vein
a blood vessel that conducts blood toward the heart (capacitance vessel)
capacitance
ability of a vein to distend and store blood
Hypertension
abnormally high blood pressure, 140/90 or greater
Hypervolemia
abnormally high levels of fluid and blood within the body
Hypovolemia
abnormally low levels of fluid and blood within the body
arteriole
aka resistance vessel, very small artery that leads to a capillary
Closer to the heart, arteries would be expected to have a higher percentage of ________.
elastic fibers
pulse
expansion and recoil from elastic fibers in arteries