Ch. 20 Review

Venous end net filtration pressure

-7 mmHg

elastic artery

(also, conducting artery) artery with abundant elastic fibers located closer to the heart, which maintains the pressure gradient and conducts blood to smaller branches

muscular artery

(also, distributing artery) artery with abundant smooth muscle in the tunica media that branches to distribute blood to the arteriole network

Arterial end net filtration pressure

+10 mmHg

Which of the following statements is true? -In one day, more fluid exits the capillary through filtration than enters through reabsorption. -In one day, approximately 35 mm of blood are filtered and 7 mm are reabsorbed.

In one day, more fluid exits the capillary through filtration than enters through reabsorption.

The endothelium is found in the ________.

tunica intima

fenestrated capillary

type of capillary with pores or fenestrations in the endothelium that allow for rapid passage of certain small materials

hypovolemic shock

type of circulatory shock caused by excessive loss of blood volume due to hemorrhage or possibly dehydration

anaphylactic shock

type of shock that follows a severe allergic reaction and results from massive vasodilation

vascular shock

type of shock that occurs when arterioles lose their normal muscular tone and dilate dramatically

cariogenic shock

type of shock that results from the inability of the heart to maintain cardiac output

In the myogenic response, ________.

vascular smooth muscle responds to stretch

venous reserve

volume of blood contained within systemic veins in the integument, bone marrow, and liver that can be returned to the heart for circulation, if needed

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, ________. -aldosterone prompts increased urine output -aldosterone prompts the kidneys to reabsorb sodium

aldosterone prompts the kidneys to reabsorb sodium

resistance

any condition or parameter that slows or counteracts the flow of blood

The coronary arteries branch off of the ________. -aortic valve -ascending aorta

ascending aorta

sphygmomanometer

blood pressure cuff attached to a device that measures blood pressure

artery

blood vessel that conducts blood away from the heart

Nervi vasorum control ________.

both vasoconstriction and vasodilation

exchanges occurring from tissues to capillary

carbon dioxide, water, and wastes

Arteries serving the stomach, pancreas, and liver all branch from the ________. -superior mesenteric artery -celiac trunk

celiac trunk

precapillary sphincters

circular rings of smooth muscle that surround the entrance to a capillary and regulate blood flow into that capillary

vasoconstriction

constriction of the smooth muscle of a blood vessel, resulting in a decreased vascular diameter

vascular shunt

continuation of the metarteriole and thoroughfare channel that allows blood to bypass the capillary beds to flow directly from the arterial to the venous circulation

velocity ____________ from aorta to arteries to capillaries

decreases

compliance

degree to which a blood vessel can stretch as opposed to being rigid

In a blood pressure measurement of 110/70, the number 70 is the ________.

diastolic pressure

pulse pressure

difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures

perfusion

distribution of blood into the capillaries so the tissues can be supplied

Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

force blood exerts against a capillary

Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)

force driving fluid out of the capillary and into the tissue spaces; equal to the difference of the capillary hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloidal osmotic pressure

blood pressure

force exerted by the blood against the wall of a vessel or heart chamber; can be described with the more generic term hydrostatic pressure

The longer the vessel,...

higher resistance, higher pressure, lower blood flow

flow is slowest where cross-sectional area is

highest

Slight vasodilation in an arteriole prompts a ________.

huge decrease in resistance

A form of circulatory shock common in young children with severe diarrhea or vomiting is ________. -hypovolemic shock -anaphylactic shock

hypovolemic shock

Decreased compliance leads to...

increased resistance, increased blood pressure, reduced blood flow increasing work of heart

velocity ___________ from capillaries to veins to R. atrium

increases

ischemia

insufficient blood flow to the tissues

lumen

interior of a tubular structure such as a blood vessel or a portion of the alimentary canal through which blood, chyme, or other substances travel

A healthy elastic artery ________. is compliant reduces blood flow

is compliant

Hypoxia

lack of oxygen supply to the tissues

systolic pressure

larger number recorded when measuring arterial blood pressure; represents the maximum value following ventricular contraction

The hepatic portal system delivers blood from the digestive organs to the ________.

liver

diastolic pressure

lower number recorded when measuring arterial blood pressure; represents the minimal value corresponding to the pressure that remains during ventricular relaxation

bulk flow

mass movement of fluids into and out of the capillary beds

Blood islands are ________.

masses of developing blood vessels and formed -elements scattered throughout the embryonic disc

cardiac output

measured in L/min, varies directly with heart rate and stroke volume, results in blood pressure and promotes blood flow

internal elastic membrane

membrane composed of elastic fibers that separates the tunica intima from the tunica media; seen in larger arteries

external elastic membrane

membrane composed of elastic fibers that separates the tunica media from the tunica externa; seen in larger arteries

continuous capillary

most common type of capillary, found in virtually all tissues except epithelia and cartilage; contains very small gaps in the endothelial lining that permit exchange

The ductus venosus is a shunt that allows ________.

most freshly oxygenated blood to flow into the fetal heart

capillary bed

network of 10-100 capillaries connecting arterioles to venules

Korotkoff sounds

noises created by turbulent blood flow through the vessels

exchanges occurring from capillary to tissues

oxygen, water, glucose, and amino acids

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

pressure driving blood through vascular system; approximated by taking diastolic pressure and adding 1/3 of pulse pressure

blood colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP)

pressure exerted by colloids suspended in blood within a vessel; a primary determinant is the presence of plasma proteins

effects of ANP endocrine regulation

promotes loss of sodium and water from the kidneys, suppresses renin, aldosterone, and ADH

sinusoid capillaries

rarest type of capillary, which has extremely large intercellular gaps in the basement membrane in addition to clefts and fenestrations; found in areas such as the bone marrow and liver where passage of large molecules occurs

vasodilation

relaxation of the smooth muscle in the wall of a blood vessel, resulting in an increased vascular diameter

metarteriole

short vessel arising from a terminal arteriole that branches to supply a capillary bed

arteriovenous anastomosis

short vessel connecting an arteriole directly to a venule and bypassing the capillary beds

An especially leaky type of capillary found in the liver and certain other tissues is called a ________.

sinusoid capillary

vasa vasorum

small blood vessels located within the walls or tunics of larger vessels that supply nourishment to and remove wastes from the cells of the vessels

nervi vasorum

small nerve fibers found in arteries and veins that trigger contraction of the smooth muscle in their walls

venule

small vessel leading from the capillaries to veins

capillaries

smallest of blood vessels where physical exchange occurs between the blood and tissue cells surrounded by interstitial fluid

Net filtration pressure is calculated by ________.

subtracting the blood colloid osmotic pressure from the capillary hydrostatic pressure

Clusters of neurons in the medulla oblongata that regulate blood pressure are known collectively as ________.

the cardiovascular center

blood flow

the movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ, and is usually expressed in terms of volume of blood per unit of time

Filtration

the movement of material from a capillary into the interstitial fluid, moving from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure

reabsorption

the movement of material from the interstitial fluid into the capillaries

Hydrostatic pressure is ________.

the pressure exerted by fluid in an enclosed space

Viscosity

thickness of fluids that affects their abilities to flow, determined by formed elements and plasma proteins

Which of the following best describes veins? -thick walled, small lumens, low pressure, lack valves -thin walled, large lumens, low pressure, have valves

thin walled, large lumens, low pressure, have valves

Venoconstriction increases

-blood pressure within the vein -blood flow within the vein -return of blood to the heart

The right and left brachiocephalic veins ________. -drain blood from the right and left internal jugular veins -drain blood from the right and left subclavian veins -drain into the superior vena cava

-drain blood from the right and left internal jugular veins -drain blood from the right and left subclavian veins -drain into the superior vena cava

mid capillary net filtration pressure

0 mmHg

systemic veins contain ______ of blood volume.

64 %

Which of the following statements is true? -As blood volume decreases, blood pressure and -blood flow also decrease. -Increased viscosity increases blood flow.

As blood volume decreases, blood pressure and -blood flow also decrease.

Which of the following statements is true? -Two umbilical veins carry oxygen-depleted blood from the fetal circulation to the placenta. -One umbilical vein carries oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetal heart.

One umbilical vein carries oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetal heart

Which of the following statements is true? -The left and right common carotid arteries both branch off of the brachiocephalic trunk. -The radial and ulnar arteries join to form the palmar arch.

The radial and ulnar arteries join to form the palmar arch.

vein

a blood vessel that conducts blood toward the heart (capacitance vessel)

capacitance

ability of a vein to distend and store blood

Hypertension

abnormally high blood pressure, 140/90 or greater

Hypervolemia

abnormally high levels of fluid and blood within the body

Hypovolemia

abnormally low levels of fluid and blood within the body

arteriole

aka resistance vessel, very small artery that leads to a capillary

Closer to the heart, arteries would be expected to have a higher percentage of ________.

elastic fibers

pulse

expansion and recoil from elastic fibers in arteries