ch 21

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The "C" in COPD stands for

chronic

The amount of air that a person can voluntarily expel after completing a normal, quiet respiratory cycle is termed

expiratory reserve volume.

The lungs are divided into lobes by structures called

fissures.

After a quiet expiration, the amount of air in your lungs is called the

functional residual capacity.

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as

hypoxia.

Most of the carbon dioxide that is absorbed by blood:

is converted to carbonic acid.

What branches from the trachea?

primary bronchi

The ultimate function of pulmonary ventilation is to

provide adequate alveolar ventilation.

The respiratory defense system is important for all of the following reasons except

providing gas exchange.

The technical term for "breathing" is

pulmonary ventilation

The larynx contains all of the following except

C-rings composed of hyaline cartilage.

________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting people of Northern European descent.

Cystic fibrosis

The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the

soft palate.

The glottis is

the opening to the larynx.

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

the volume of the thorax increases.

The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________.

three lobes; two lobes

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the

trachea

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the

trachea.

How are hypoxia and anoxia different? (Module 21.8B)

Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is the complete cutoff of oxygen supply.

Which of the following statements regarding tobacco smoking and lung damage is true?

Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery.

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.

Tidal volume

Which of these age-based changes is false?

Vital capacity increases.

At the level of the alveoli, where does gas exchange occur?

across the respiratory membrane

The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the

alveoli

Where does gas exchange between the air and the lungs occur? (Module 21.1A)

alveoli

Asthma is

an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.

Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as

anatomic dead space.

The most superior portion of the lung is termed the

apex

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

bicarbonate ions.

The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.

18-20

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

bound to hemoglobin

The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain.

brain stem

Boyle's law states that gas volume is

inversely proportional to pressure

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because

it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.

The vocal ligaments are found in the

vocal folds

Which muscle(s) produce(s) the movement labeled "1" in quiet inspiration?

external intercostals

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.

right primary

The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.

thyroid

A mucosa consists of

both an epithelium containing mucous secreting cells and an underlying layer of areolar tissue.

The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.

cricoid

Which of the following systems is responsible for gas

respiratory

The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is

respiratory distress syndrome.

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

movement of air in and out of the lungs

The nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the

nasal septum.

Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?

oropharynx

In emphysema, all of the following occur except

patients present with cyanosis.

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

pharynx.

Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except

cooling the air.

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

Inspiratory reserve volume

Which statement regarding lung cancer is correct?

More Americans die from lung cancer than any other form of cancer.

Define respiratory rate. (Module 21.11A)

Respiratory rate is the number of breaths taken each minute.

Which ventilates alveoli more effectively: slow, deep breaths or rapid, shallow breaths? Explain why. (Module 21.11C)

Slow, deep breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space.

Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch?

left lung

Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the

lips.

Name the lobes and fissures of each lung. (Module 21.6D)

The left lung is divided into a superior lobe and an inferior lobe by the oblique fissure. The right lung is divided into a superior lobe and middle lobe by the horizontal fissure, and the oblique fissure separates the superior and middle lobes from the inferior lobe.

Define respiratory defense system. (Module 21.2A)

The respiratory defense system is a series of filtration mechanisms that prevent airway contamination.

Compare the two main bronchi. (Module 21.5A)

The right main bronchus is larger in diameter than the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a steeper angle than the left main bronchus.

During inhalation:

pressure inside the lungs is less than pressure outside.

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that

they are equal.


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