ch 21
The "C" in COPD stands for
chronic
The amount of air that a person can voluntarily expel after completing a normal, quiet respiratory cycle is termed
expiratory reserve volume.
The lungs are divided into lobes by structures called
fissures.
After a quiet expiration, the amount of air in your lungs is called the
functional residual capacity.
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as
hypoxia.
Most of the carbon dioxide that is absorbed by blood:
is converted to carbonic acid.
What branches from the trachea?
primary bronchi
The ultimate function of pulmonary ventilation is to
provide adequate alveolar ventilation.
The respiratory defense system is important for all of the following reasons except
providing gas exchange.
The technical term for "breathing" is
pulmonary ventilation
The larynx contains all of the following except
C-rings composed of hyaline cartilage.
________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting people of Northern European descent.
Cystic fibrosis
The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the
soft palate.
The glottis is
the opening to the larynx.
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,
the volume of the thorax increases.
The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________.
three lobes; two lobes
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the
trachea
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the
trachea.
How are hypoxia and anoxia different? (Module 21.8B)
Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is the complete cutoff of oxygen supply.
Which of the following statements regarding tobacco smoking and lung damage is true?
Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery.
________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.
Tidal volume
Which of these age-based changes is false?
Vital capacity increases.
At the level of the alveoli, where does gas exchange occur?
across the respiratory membrane
The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the
alveoli
Where does gas exchange between the air and the lungs occur? (Module 21.1A)
alveoli
Asthma is
an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.
Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as
anatomic dead space.
The most superior portion of the lung is termed the
apex
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
bicarbonate ions.
The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.
18-20
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is
bound to hemoglobin
The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain.
brain stem
Boyle's law states that gas volume is
inversely proportional to pressure
Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because
it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.
The vocal ligaments are found in the
vocal folds
Which muscle(s) produce(s) the movement labeled "1" in quiet inspiration?
external intercostals
During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.
right primary
The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.
thyroid
A mucosa consists of
both an epithelium containing mucous secreting cells and an underlying layer of areolar tissue.
The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.
cricoid
Which of the following systems is responsible for gas
respiratory
The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is
respiratory distress syndrome.
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the
movement of air in and out of the lungs
The nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the
nasal septum.
Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?
oropharynx
In emphysema, all of the following occur except
patients present with cyanosis.
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
pharynx.
Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except
cooling the air.
________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.
Inspiratory reserve volume
Which statement regarding lung cancer is correct?
More Americans die from lung cancer than any other form of cancer.
Define respiratory rate. (Module 21.11A)
Respiratory rate is the number of breaths taken each minute.
Which ventilates alveoli more effectively: slow, deep breaths or rapid, shallow breaths? Explain why. (Module 21.11C)
Slow, deep breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space.
Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch?
left lung
Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the
lips.
Name the lobes and fissures of each lung. (Module 21.6D)
The left lung is divided into a superior lobe and an inferior lobe by the oblique fissure. The right lung is divided into a superior lobe and middle lobe by the horizontal fissure, and the oblique fissure separates the superior and middle lobes from the inferior lobe.
Define respiratory defense system. (Module 21.2A)
The respiratory defense system is a series of filtration mechanisms that prevent airway contamination.
Compare the two main bronchi. (Module 21.5A)
The right main bronchus is larger in diameter than the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a steeper angle than the left main bronchus.
During inhalation:
pressure inside the lungs is less than pressure outside.
When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that
they are equal.