Ch. 22 RA #s 1-3

Discuss the significance of the region known as Alsace-Lorraine.

Alsace-Lorraine was the region that the French had to give up to the Germans along with 5 billion francs or $1 billion, as a result of the Franco-Prussian war.

Bismarck essentially "goaded" or "tricked" France into war in 1870. Explain how.

Bismarck essentially tricked France into war from editing William I's telegram to the French, at an attempt to get France to declare war with Prussia and his way of tricking them was successful. Bismarck edited this telegram to make it sound insulting to the French, assuming that the French would be angry and declare war with Prussia.

Explain how Bismarck unified the German state through the use of warfare. Discuss the outcomes of the Danish, Austro-Prussian, and Franco-Prussian wars as they affected German unification

Bismarck unified the German state through the use of warfare by getting Prussia involved in wars against their neighboring states. First, Austria and Prussia allied with each other against Denmark in the Danish war in 1864, which resulted with a dominant victory over the Danish. This war helped establish German dominance over the German speaking territories. Additionally, in the Austro-Prussian war of 1866, Prussia and Austria went to war against each other and Austria was surprisingly defeated. This war established Prussia as a dominant German state. Lastly, in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870, Prussia and France went to war again each other, and the southern states of Germany happily joined forces with Prussia against France. The entire French army and Napoleon III were captured, and northern and southern Germany were united as one. These wars that Bismarck led Prussia into contributed to Germany becoming its own independent state.

Discuss factors pertaining to national unity in the U.S and Canada in the mid-19th century.

Factors pertaining to U.S unification mainly exist among the issues of slavery. First, the north and the south went to war with each other over the issue of whether or not slaves should be free. Next, in Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, he stated that the nation's slaves were free, ending slavery and re-uniting the U.S. Factors pertaining to Canada mainly exist among the Dominion of Canada. First, the British were eager to reduce the costs of maintaining the colonies. Next, the British government let the Canadians get their way when British parliament established Canada as a nation in 1867.

Discuss the foreign policy aims of the Second French Empire, especially as it concerned Mexico and the Crimean War.

Foreign policy aims in the Second French Empire were evident in Napoleon III's foreign policy aims of Mexico and the Crimean War. First, Napoleon III had the desire to seek domination over Mexican Markets for French goods. Additionally, Napoleon III had the desire to free France from the restrictions of the peace settlements of 1814-1815 and to make France the chief arbiter of Europe from his participation in the Crimean War.

Outline the sequence of events leading from Italy being a fraction region to a unified state in Europe. Be sure to discuss the roles played by Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi.

In 1850, Austria was still a dominant power over the Italian Peninsula, and it seemed unlikely that Italy was going to have the needed leadership to be unified. Cavour as a prime minister in 1852 generated means of transportation that increased the amount of money Italy had, which allowed a development of an army. Mazzini influenced people to revolt through his enthusiasm to have an independent Italian state. In southern Italy, Garibaldi supported Mazzini, and he raised an army of a thousand Red Shirts that came into Sicily. Garibaldi and his Red Shirts came out victorious in July 1860, and most of Sicily emerged under his control. During this year the kingdom of the Two Sicilies came together and the Italian state was officially unified on March 17, 1861.

What role did Lord Palmerston and Benjamin Disraeli play in advancing liberal reforms in Great Britain during the late 19th century?

Lord Palmerston extended liberalism through political compromises and Benjamin Disraeli issued the Reform Act of 1867 thinking it would benefit the Conservatives, even though the act benefited the liberals.

Characterize the Prussian prime minister Otto Von Bismarck. What was realpolitik? Describe how Bismarck used it.

Otto Von Bismarck was the Machiavellian type of a prime minister and did whatever was necessary to maintain power. Realpolitik was the way he could get the people on his side. Bismarck would provide the people everything they needed to prosper, so they wouldn't rebel against him.

Explain why Britain managed to remain socially and politically stable during the reign of Queen Victoria.

The British managed to remain socially stable during the reign of Queen Victoria because Britain's liberal parliamentary system generated an increase of wage for the laborers by more then 25%. The British managed to remain politically stable because of Palmerston's political compromises and the Reform Act of 1867.

What effect did the outcome of the Crimean War have upon the "balance of power" in European politics?

The Crimean War broke up long-standing relationships among European States and destroyed the Concert of Europe. Since the Concert of Europe corresponded to the "balance of power" established from the Congress of Vienna and the Concert of Europe was effected after the Crimean War, the "balance of power" also decreased.

Describe early efforts to unify Germany into a nation-state, particularly the formation of the Zollverein in 1834.

The Zollverein, a German Customs Union was formed by Prussia in 1834. The Zollverein stimulated trade as well as letting its member states prosper. All the German states, except for Austria ended up joining the Zollverein, and a number of middle-class liberals began to see Prussia in a new light. Their was also an appearance of a desire of independence, but the German States weren't able to provide Germany with independent quite yet.

What conditions led to the "Ausgleich", also known as the creation of the "Dual Monarchy" of Austria-Hungary in 1867? Did it solve Austria's problem of governing an ethnically diverse empire?

The conditions that led the "Ausgleich" of the Austro-Hungarian Empire included the military disasters that struck Austria in the Austro-Prussian war and the failed attempt at establishing an imperial parliament that was suppose to provide a representation for all the nationalities of the empire. This compromise didn't solve Austria's problems of governing an ethnically diverse empire, since it generated even more dominance over the minorities.

What DOMESTIC issues seemed to have the most importance during the reign of Napoleon III?

The domestic issues that seemed to have the most significance during the reign of Napoleon III involved him becoming liberal with his domestic policies and not allowing Legislative Corps to initiate legislation.

Outline the reforms undertaken in Russia by Czar Alexander II, especially those regarding the condition of serfdom in Russia.

The reforms issued by Czar Alexander II of Russia include the Emancipation Edict and the Reforms of 1864. First, the emancipation edict made the government provide the peasants land by purchasing it from the landowners. Additionally, in his legal reforms of 1864, he created a regular system of local courts and a judicial code that accepted the principle of equality before the law.

Explain the circumstances that led to the rise of Napoleon III and the Second French Empire.

The rise of Napoleon III and the Second French Empire occured based upon many significant aspects. Napoleon III encouraged public works, investment banks, railroads, and the economic process in general to ease tensions. He also increased voting rights, but always kept absolute power.