ch 22- respiratory system hw

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood? Nose Trachea Bronchioles Alveoli Bronchi

Alveoli

Despite the fact that the partial pressure difference is so much smaller for CO2, why is there as much CO2 exchanged between the alveoli and blood as there is O2, ? The capillary walls are more permeable to CO2 than O2. CO2 is a smaller molecule and diffuses faster than O2. CO2 is much more soluble in blood than O2.

CO2 is much more soluble in blood than O2.

What directly stimulates the central chemoreceptors, thus increasing respiration? high CO2 (carbon dioxide) low O2 (oxygen) high pH H+ (hydrogen ions)

H+ (hydrogen ions)

Which of the following would induce the loss of oxygen from the hemoglobin and the blood? increase in hemoglobin that has oxygen bound to it already decreases in plasma carbon dioxide a drop in blood pH a decrease in blood temperature

a drop in blood pH (The pH in blood tends to drop when plasma reacts with carbon dioxide, a common condition in tissue. This pH drop causes weakening of the Hb-O2 bond, a phenomenon called the Bohr effect.)

Which of the following conditions or scenarios increases the respiratory rate? alkalosis acidosis an increase in partial pressure of oxygen a drop in carbon dioxide levels in the blood

acidosis (A low pH in blood indicates a high level of carbon dioxide, which in turn increases the urge to ventilate the lungs.)

Mike has difficulty breathing when he's experiencing cold-induced asthma due to a change in which of these physical factors? lung compliance alveolar surface tension airway resistance lung elasticity

airway resistance

Which of these cells would be most effective in the disposal of inspired microorganisms that may enter the alveoli? alveolar macrophages type I alveolar cells lymphocytes in blood circulating through the lungs type II alveolar cells

alveolar macrophages

Which cartilage belonging to the larynx anchors vocal cords? arytenoid cartilage cricoid cartilage epiglottis thyroid cartilage

arytenoid cartilage

What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport? as bicarbonate ions in the plasma dissolved in the plasma chemically bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin chemically bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin

as bicarbonate ions in the plasma

In order to maintain a normal air flow during inspiration while Mike is experiencing cold-induced asthma, his body must ___________. decrease the pressure gradient between atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressure decrease intrapulmonary pressure more than usual decrease intrapleural pressure increase intrapulmonary pressure

decrease intrapulmonary pressure more than usual

Using the same graph as in Part A, what is the average number of oxygens bound to hemoglobin at a saturation of 50%? two three four one

two

Using the spirographic data shown, what is the minute ventilation of an average adult male at rest breathing at a rate of 10 breaths per minute? 5000 milliliters per minute 36,000 milliliters per minute 48,000 milliliters per minute 60,000 milliliters per minute

5000 milliliters per minute

Calculate the actual intrapleural pressure if atmospheric pressure is 765 millimeters of mercury, assuming that the subject is at rest (not inhaling or exhaling). −4 millimeters of mercury 0 millimeters of mercury 761 millimeters of mercury 765 millimeters of mercury

761 millimeters of mercury

Normally, the lungs function in a fairly high state of compliance. Which of the following could cause lung compliance to be abnormally high or low? atelectasis pulmonary fibrosis emphysema All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct.

Which way would O2 and CO2 diffuse during internal respiration? O2 would diffuse into the pulmonary capillaries and CO2 would diffuse into the alveoli. O2 would diffuse into the cells, and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries. O2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries, and CO2 would diffuse into the cells. Both O2 and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries.

O2 would diffuse into the cells, and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries.

Which blood vessels supply deoxygenated systemic blood to the alveoli? bronchial veins pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins bronchial arteries

pulmonary arteries

All of the following physical factors affect the mechanics of pulmonary ventilation (breathing) EXCEPT _____________. alveolar surface tension lung compliance pulmonary blood flow airway resistance

pulmonary blood flow

Which receptors inhibit inspiration during hyperinflation of the lungs? irritant receptors Hypothalamic receptors pulmonary stretch receptors peripheral chemoreceptors

pulmonary stretch receptors

During pleurisy, the inflamed parietal pleura of one lung rubs against the inflamed ______. thoracic wall parietal pleura of the other lung visceral pleura of the same lung visceral pleura of the other lung

visceral pleura of the same lung

Emphysema can result in an ______. increased level of carbaminohemoglobin increased level of deoxyhemoglobin increased likelihood of the skin of Caucasians developing a slightly blue coloration All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct.

The tissue(s) and/or cells that may be affected during laryngitis ______. is epithelial tissue is a mucous membrane are ciliated cells All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Which statement is correct? In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells. Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration. As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries.

In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.

According to this spirographic record, what is the total volume of exchangeable air for a normal male? 2400 milliliters 3600 milliliters 4800 milliliters 6000 milliliters

4800 milliliters

Smoking inhibits cilia by inhibiting the movements of ______. dynein molecules the basal bodies microvilli actin filaments

dynein molecules (Dynein is a motor protein that moves cilia causing them to bend)

Chronic bronchitis is a component of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, in smokers. What is the other main component of this disease? tuberculosis emphysema laryngitis asthma

emphysema

What area in the brain sets the respiratory rhythm? dorsal respiratory group (DRG) hypothalamus ventral respiratory group (VRG) pontine respiratory group (PRG)

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Which of the following initiate(s) inspiration? pontine respiratory centers ventral respiratory group (VRG) midbrain dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Key events in gas exchange

1.Breathing moves air in and out of lungs 2.Oxygen diffuses from alveoli in the lungs into capillaries 3. Oxygen enters RBCs, where it binds to protein hemoglobin 4.Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the body's tissues, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood 5.Carbon dioxide leaves the body when we exhale

Carbon Dioxide Transport

1.Carbon dioxide is released from the mitochondria 2.Carbon dioxide diffuses into a capillary 3.Carbon dioxide is carried to the lungs 4.Carbon dioxide diffuses into an alveolus 5.Air exits through nose or mouth

Oxygen transport

1.Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries 2.Oxygen enters a RBC 3.Oxygen binds to a molecule of hemoglobin 4.Oxygen is carried through blood vessels to a capillary 5.Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the body's tissues

_______ has a greater partial pressure in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli, so it diffuses into the _______. View Available Hint(s) O2; alveoli CO2; alveoli O2; pulmonary cavities CO2; pulmonary capillaries

CO2; alveoli

Which of the following best describes the chloride shift as seen in the figure? Chloride rushes into RBCs to counterbalance the outflow of bicarbonate. Chloride is removed from hemoglobin when carbon dioxide binds to it. Chloride is taken out of the blood to counterbalance the inflow of carbon dioxide. Chloride binds to bicarbonate, which allows more of it to be carried in the bloodstream.

Chloride rushes into RBCs to counterbalance the outflow of bicarbonate.

Which statement is correct? During internal respiration, carbon dioxide is unloaded from the blood. The greater the available surface area the lower the amount of gas exchange during internal respiration. During external respiration, equilibrium is reached for O2 when the partial pressure for O2 in the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli are the same. During external respiration, oxygen is unloaded from the blood.

During external respiration, equilibrium is reached for O2 when the partial pressure for O2 in the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli are the same.

A firefighter breathes in air normally as he enters a building following an explosion and fire. He has a meter that predicts the PO2 will approximate 15 mm Hg in his tissue fluids as he actively moves about the room. Select the best statement. The firefighter is at about 10% hemoglobin O2 saturation, and he requires an external air tank. The large changes in PO2 tissue environments cause only very small changes in hemoglobin O2 saturation, and no oxygen is needed. The firefighter's hemoglobin saturation will be about one oxygen per hemoglobin, and he will require an external air tank. The S-shaped saturation curve of hemoglobin is flat at this PO2, and O2 saturation doesn't change much with PO2 changes in mm Hg.

The firefighter's hemoglobin saturation will be about one oxygen per hemoglobin, and he will require an external air tank.

How would the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 change in an exercising muscle? The partial pressures of O2 and CO2 would remain unchanged. The partial pressure of O2 would increase, and the partial pressure of CO2 would decrease. The partial pressure of O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2 would increase.

The partial pressure of O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2 would increase. (cells use O2 and produce CO2 during cellular respiration to produce ATP. Exercising muscles need more ATP.)

Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle's law? How well a gas dissolves in a liquid such as blood depends on both its partial pressure and its solubility. The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs. The partial pressure of a gas in the air you breathe in is equal to the total atmospheric pressure times the fractional concentration of the gas.

The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement relating to the airflow to the lungs? When the diaphragm is activated, inspiration occurs. When the sternum is depressed, expiration occurs. When the ribs are elevated, inspiration occurs. When the sternocleidomastoid is activated, expiration occurs.

When the sternocleidomastoid is activated, expiration occurs.

Mike's wheezing and shortness of breath is due to asthma, and obstructive pulmonary disease. Do the following data tend to confirm asthma? FEV1 = 55%; FVC = 65%. (Assume that Mike and the doctor have performed an accurate test.) No. These are normal values and one would expect decreased values. Yes. One would expect decreased FEV1 and FVC values, such as these with asthma. Yes. These are normal values and one would expect that with asthma. No. These are abnormally low and one would not expect that with asthma.

Yes. One would expect decreased FEV1 and FVC values, such as these with asthma. (Both the FVC and FEV1 should be > or = 80%)

Albuterol is a selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist. The intended beta-2 adrenergic effect is ____________. The undesirable effect of beta-1 adrenergic stimulation is ____________. bronchoconstriction; coronary artery vasoconstriction bronchodilation; rapid heart rate bronchoconstriction; irregular rhythm bronchodilation; decreased force of contraction

bronchodilation; rapid heart rate

Which of the following structures would be the LEAST vulnerable to damage caused by oxygen toxicity? brain spleen muscles costal cartilages

costal cartilages

Which of these structures forms a complete ring around the airway? thyroid cartilage tracheal cartilage hyoid bone cricoid cartilage

cricoid cartilage

As a result of hyperventilation, what will happen to the partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) and pH? decreased pCO2 and decreased pH increased pCO2 and decreased pH increased pCO2 and increased pH decreased pCO2 and increased pH

decreased pCO2 and increased pH (As CO2 is blown off, H+ would decrease, thus increasing pH.)

Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity? internal intercostals and external oblique diaphragm and external intercostals diaphragm and internal intercostals

diaphragm and external intercostals

In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts ______. in the conducting zone structures of the lungs due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells to permit adequate surface tension in the alveoli because the presence of collapsed alveoli prevents surfactant production

due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells

What part of the larynx covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to keep food out of the lower respiratory passages? glottis epiglottis vocal folds thyroid cartilage

epiglottis (When the larynx is elevated during the act of swallowing, the epiglottis is pressed over the glottis to prevent swallowed food from entering the lower respiratory passages.)

During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration? acetylcholine (ACh) an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system epinephrine histamine

epinephrine

Which of the following, if activated as a group, would result in inspiration? external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, diaphragm Transversus thoracis, internal intercostals, diaphragm rectus abdominis, sternocleidomastoid, diaphragm rectus abdominis, internal intercostals, scalenes

external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, diaphragm

The indentation on the medial surface of each lung through which pulmonary and systemic blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and leave is called the __________. apex base hilum cardiac notch

hilum

Hypocapnia causes ______. the level of bicarbonate ions in the blood to rise hypoxia an increase in VRG activity hyperventilation

hypoxia (Hypoxia occurs when too little oxygen is delivered to the tissues.)

During pneumonia, the lungs become "waterlogged"; this means that within the alveoli there is an abnormal accumulation of ______. blood blood plasma interstitial fluid water

interstitial fluid

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs? atmospheric pressure intrapulmonary pressure intrapleural pressure

intrapleural pressure

Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse? intrapleural pressure atmospheric pressure intrapulmonary pressure transpulmonary pressure

intrapleural pressure (Intrapleural pressure is created as the lungs attempt to shrink away from the thoracic wall. This negative pressure, as well as the adherence due to moisture, is what keeps the lungs from collapsing.)

In pneumothorax, the lung collapses because ______. intrapleural pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure intrapulmonary pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure intrapulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure

intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure (Intrapleural pressure (Ppul) is the gas pressure within the pleural cavity, while intrapulmonary pressure (Pip) is the gas pressure within the alveoli. Normally Ppul is less than Pip to maintain lung expansion. If Ppul exceeds Pip, then the lungs collapse.)

Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the pressure of the air in the environment? atmospheric pressure intrapleural pressure transpulmonary pressure intrapulmonary pressure

intrapulmonary pressure (Intrapulmonary pressure rises when the thorax volume is reduced (during exhalation) and drops when the thorax volume rises (during inhalation). When there is no change in thorax volume, intrapulmonary pressure equalizes with the atmospheric pressure.)

Hemoglobin uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells. has five subunits. is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen. is the site of cellular respiration. is found in blood plasma.

is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.

After blood becomes oxygenated, it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body's cells with oxygen. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs. it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells. it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs.

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.

Which of the following helps to protect against tracheal obstruction. carina of the trachea trachealis muscle larynx tracheal cartilage

larynx

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung? lung volume will stay the same lungs will collapse lungs will inflate

lungs will collapse

The adenoids normally destroy pathogens because they contain ______. white pulp that performs immune functions red pulp that performs immune functions lymph nodes lymphocytes

lymphocytes

Which of the following cavities surround(s) the lungs alone? mediastinum pericardial cavity thoracic cavity pleural cavities

pleural cavities

Under normal conditions airway resistance is highest in which segment of the conducting airway? medium-sized bronchi primary bronchi respiratory bronchioles terminal bronchioles

medium-sized bronchi (Resistance is highest in the medium-sized bronchi. Resistance is relatively lower in the large bronchi because of their large diameters. Resistance increases and peaks in the medium airways, then drops dramatically as the airways branch into bronchioles. The reason there is a drop in resistance across the bronchioles (even though they are smaller in diameter) is that there are so many of them, dramatically increasing the total cross-sectional area of the airways.)

Which of the following regions contains the opening of a canal that equalizes pressure in the middle ear? larynx oropharynx nasopharynx laryngopharynx

nasopharynx

The palatine tonsils are found in which of the following regions? larynx laryngopharynx oropharynx nasopharynx

oropharynx

Viral sinusitis may be caused by a direct extension of an upper respiratory infection involving the __________. trachea larynx bronchi pharynx

pharynx

nspiratory neurons send information to the diaphragm via what nerve? glossopharyngeal nerve phrenic nerve vegus nerve intercostal nerves

phrenic nerve

Which of the following modifies and smoothes the respiratory pattern? dorsal respiratory group (DRG) ventral respiratory group (VRG) diencephalon pontine respiratory centers

pontine respiratory centers

The normal CFTR protein is a membrane channel protein that controls chloride ion flow into and out of cells. The sweat of cystic fibrosis patients has an abnormally high concentration of salt (NaCl) because the presence of faulty CFTR proteins directly causes ______. hypersecretion of sodium ions by sweat-producing cells reduced absorption of certain anions from sweat into the sweat duct cells increased pumping of ions by the sodium-potassium pump into secreted sweat reduced pumping of chloride ions into sweat

reduced absorption of certain anions from sweat into the sweat duct cells

Which of the following could be involved in causing bronchiolar constriction during an asthma attack? acetylcholine central nervous system peripheral nervous system release of histamine and inflammatory chemicals in the airway walls

release of histamine and inflammatory chemicals in the airway walls

A homeostatic control mechanism controls respiration. What acts as the effector(s) in this system? central chemoreceptors respiratory muscles peripheral chemoreceptors medulla oblongata

respiratory muscles

Which of the following stimuli is the most powerful respiratory stimulant to increase respiration? an increase in blood pH arterial pH rising carbon dioxide levels reduced oxygen levels

rising carbon dioxide levels

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal conchae? filtering, heating, and moistening incoming air during inhalation routing air and food into proper channels reclaiming heat and moisture from expired air increasing the mucosal surface area exposed to air

routing air and food into proper channels

What stimulates increased respiration at the beginning of exercise? increased plasma carbon dioxide levels increased hydrogen ion levels decreased plasma oxygen levels sensory input from receptors in joints, neural input from the motor cortex, and other factors

sensory input from receptors in joints, neural input from the motor cortex, and other factors

What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli? pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium simple squamous epithelium stratified squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium

simple squamous epithelium

Dr. McInnis wants to obtain Mike's greatest possible vital capacity measurements. Which of the following body positions should Mike assume? lying on his stomach sitting on a chair standing lying on his back

standing

Which of the following inhibits/reduces the respiratory rate? elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood partial pressure of oxygen below 60 millimeters of mercury at chemoreceptors stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs a rise in body temperature

stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs

What serves as the origin for the phrenic nerve? the cervical plexus the sympathetic chain the midbrain the brachial plexus

the cervical plexus

During inhalation, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. air moves up the trachea. oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs. the diaphragm relaxes. the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract. (The contraction of these muscles causes air to enter the lungs.)

Patients with rhinitis often have "watery eyes" because ______. the infection has stimulated increased lacrimal fluid secretion by the lacrimal glands the infection has caused inflammation of the nasolacrimal ducts the paranasal sinuses are blocked with excess mucus All of the listed responses are correct.

the infection has caused inflammation of the nasolacrimal ducts

Which muscles are activated during forced expiration? the internal intercostal, oblique, and transversus muscles the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles the diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles the scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, and pectoralis minor muscles

the internal intercostal, oblique, and transversus muscles

If the compliance of the thoracic wall is decreased, ______. the intrapleural pressure would not decrease normally during inhalation the intrapulmonary pressure would remain lower than the atmospheric pressure the airway resistance would be decreased None of the listed responses is correct.

the intrapleural pressure would not decrease normally during inhalation

Internal and external respiration depends on several factors. Which of the following is NOT an important factor in gas exchange? rate of blood flow through the tissue partial pressure of the gases available surface area the molecular weight of the gas

the molecular weight of the gas

Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity? tidal volume (TV) and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), and expiratory reserve volume (ERV) tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and residual volume (RV) expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and residual volume (RV)

tidal volume (TV) and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Dr. McInnis measured Mike's forced vital capacity (FVC). The vital capacity includes what three lung volumes? residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, and inspiratory reserve volume tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, residual volume

tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume

In children with infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), the walls of the alveoli cling to each other and make them difficult to inflate. It is common in babies born prematurely. What cells in these infants are NOT fully developed and are NOT doing their job? endothelial cells of alveolar capillaries alveolar macrophages type II alveolar cells type I alveolar cells

type II alveolar cells