Ch 23,24,25,26,27 Weather

2 major factors that lead to the incredible loss of life from karina were [24]

aging/neglected levee systems and slow response for help. also many people didnt evacuate when warned to. 1836 people died. [45]

the 1988 drought was devastating to (industry/agriculture) [26]

agriculture [95]

what other factors keep cities warmer than rural areas? [27]

air conditioners vehicle combustion [121]

the 2 major factors used to calculate the heat index are ___ [27]

air temperature and humidity [106]

meteorological drought [26]

an unusually long period of below normal precipitation [78]

spiral bands [24]

arcing lines of showers and thunderstorms that peel out away from the hurricane [34]

which will absorb heat better, asphalt or vegetation? [27]

asphalt [120]

fewer hurricanes in the ___________ due to stronger jet stream farther south than normal, which causes increased wind shear. [23]

atlantic ocean [174]

whata re the peak months for hurricanes [24]

august and september and october [27]

a hurricane watch is issued if a hurricane is expected to affect a coastline within ___ hours and a warning is issued if a one is expected to affect a coastline within ______ hours [24]

36 24 or less [41]

rainfall amounts were as high as ____ inches in the spring and summer of 1993 [25]

48 [64]

Katrina, once a category ___ hurricane weakened to a category ___ by the time it made landfall. [24]

5 3 [151]

the great mississippi flood was a _____ year event [25]

500 [63]

ogallala aquifer is expected to be _____ depleted in within 50 yrs unless conservation efforts are enforced [26]

70% [93]

what % of the topsoil was blown away in the dust bowl? [26]

75% [102]

wind will not cool the human body if the air temp is above the _____ [27]

body skin temp [108]

the US drought monitor is good for tracking (short/long/both short and long) tern drought conditions [26]

both short and long [84]

when and where did the most fatalities occur in the US due to a hurricane? [24]

in martinique, barbados and st. eustatius, in 1780, there were > 20,000 deaths [21]

vertical mixing of air will (increase/lower) the ground temp on a sunny day [27]

increase [118]

artificial levees (increase/decrease) the height and flow rate of the river [25]

increase [57]

high surface dew points (increase/decrease) human discomfort and cause (higher/lower) maximum temps [27]

increase lower [116]

non weather factors that determine the impact of floods [25[

levees and dams and their effect on drainage. topography . tsunami. [55]

the PDSI is good for tracking (short, long, both short and long) term droughts [26]

long [82]

eye [24]

the center of the hurricane that has light winds [32]

subsidence (i.e sinking air) will (cool/warm) the air [27]

warm [113]

katrina was a category ______ hurricane when it made landfall [24]

3 [43]

Causes of Drought [26]

-Initial mechanisms to trigger drought are difficult to determine since droughts differ based on region. -Spring and summer are key seasons for drought to develop east of the Rockies. -Winter is the key season for drought to develop in the West Recent research has shown that ocean temperatures in the Atlantic and Pacific may affect some drought patterns that occur in the U.S. -1930s drought occurred during a pattern of abnormally cool water in the tropical Pacific Ocean and abnormally warm water in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. -Drought link to ocean temperatures is far from conclusive. Abnormal circulation patterns often develop through the natural variability of the atmosphere. [161]

how much does an evacuation cost per each mile of coastline [24]

1 milllion [42]

characteristics of a switch from normal conditions to el nino [23]

1. surface pressure systems weaken. surface pressure decreases on the eastern high pressure area (the high weakens) while surface pressure increases in the western low (the low also weakens) 2. Because this pressure gradient weakens, the trade winds stop or even reverse. 3. Water in the Eastern Pacific warms. A strong counter current develops and warm water "sloshes back" from Western Pacific Ocean to Eastern Pacific Ocean. 4. Precipitation shifts eastward. The area of upward motion, clouds and precip. normally found in Australia/Indonesia moves eastward to the central or eastern equatorial Pacific. [127]

what does a 500 year flood mean? [25]

100 yr flood means theres a 1 in 100 (1%) chance of a particular flood to occur in any given yr. so 500 yr flood means theres a 1 in 500 (.2%) chance of a particular flood to occur in any given yr. [56]

heat indexes approached ______F in that heat wave (of 1995 chicago) [27]

120 [123]

Began in the late ___ and didn't end until late ___ Longest drought in the U.S. since 1900. Like the 1950s, there were brief periods where above normal precipitation occurred but not enough to alleviate the low water tables. Geographic extent of drought was much larger than the 1950s and 1988 droughts. [26]

1920s 1930s [168]

the hottest decade of the 20th century was the ____ [27]

1930s [125]

Dust Bowl Drought "Greatest disaster in American history due to weather factors". Drought was made worse by agricultural, social, and economic factors including its coincidence with the Great Depression. [26]

1930s [167]

______Dust Bowl Drought impacts..why was it so bad? Extensive deep plowing of the Great plains topsoil in the 1920s had removed the deep-rooted grasses that kept the soil in place. The mechanization of farm machinery caused the acceleration of the conversion of arid grassland to farmland. This "over plowing" of the soil occurred in areas that normally get only 10 inches of rain per year. With nothing to anchor it, erosion occurred turning the soil into dust which was then carried away by the winds. In some dust storms, dust was reported all the way to Washington D.C.! [26]

1930s [169]

Drought of the _____ Multi-year drought Affected central and southern Plains and southwest U.S., but ended in 1957 with severe drought over the northeast and Mid-Atlantic region. Entire period was not drought. Instead prolonged periods of drought with intermittent periods of normal or above normal precipitation. Soil moisture/groundwater did not recover during the breaks when precipitation occurred. [26]

1950s [164]

______ drought impacts: Losses to farmers in the billions of dollars. Tens of thousands of farm families relocated off their land. Increased reliance on irrigation in Southern and Central Plains. Increased drilling of irrigation wells which has resulted in ground water levels dropping as much as 100 feet in some areas. [26]

1950s [165]

Drought of _____ impacts: U.S. corn production was down 55% from previous years and corn prices doubled. Total grain production was down 31%. Fortunately, grain surpluses from previous years softened impact on grain prices. Streamflow rates in major Central U.S. rivers declined by 50%, reducing or stopping barge traffic along portions of Mississippi River. Groundwater supplies were reduced forcing drilling of new wells in some areas. Total cost: $72 billion in 2012 dollars. [26]

1988 [163]

the great mississippi river flood occured in ____ and was associated with many (warm/cold) side events [25]

1993 warm [62]

the river near st louis was _____ feet above flood stage [25]

20 [65]

when are sea surface temp typically the highest in the atlantic and gulf? [24]

2nd week of september [28]

Several blizzards in 1996-1997 lead to heavy snow pack over Minnesota and Dakotas. Bismarck, N.D. had 101.7 inches of snow that winter! Forecasters as early as February predicted ______would reach unprecedented levels in the spring. Predicted 49 foot crest, well above the river's natural flood stage of 28 feet. Levees around Grand Forks N.D. were raised to 52 feet. But late season blizzard occurred in early April disrupting normal snowmelt and worsened ice jams. Also added more water to the eventual runoff. ____ eventually crested at 54 feet and spilled over the levees in Grand Forks. 60,000 people had to be evacuated as flood waters reached over 2 miles inland. Fargo and Winnipeg also affected. $3.5 billion in economic losses. School was canceled in Grand Forks and east Grand Forks for the remainder of the term, as were classes at the University of North Dakota. Estimated to be 100 year flood. [25]

April 1997 Red River Flood: heavy rains/snowmelt/ice jams. [157]

why do you Need a forming location at least 5 degrees in latitude away from the equator. [24]

Coriolis effect is zero at the equator. For tropical circulations to form, the Coriolis effect must be strong enough to deflect the air to the right. If the Coriolis effect isn't strong enough, the air moves directly toward the center of the Low, which rapidly adds mass to the center thus causing pressure to increase. [143]

1997-1998 El Nino U.S. economic impacts: some industries gain while other areas lose. [23]

Department store sales were up by 5 to 15 percent during the abnormally warm winter in the Midwest, but sales of snow equipment like snowmobiles were down by nearly 35 percent. Skiing was up in the West but down in the Midwest. In the highly weather sensitive energy sector, households and businesses saved $2-7 billion in heating costs, while energy production and distribution businesses suffered from reduced sales Agricultural losses approached $2 billion, or nearly 1-2 percent of total crop output. Property losses were estimated at nearly $2.6 billion. [131]

A source of cyclonic spin in the lower troposphere. [24]

Easterly waves are the source of this spin in the N.H. Easterly waves are tropical disturbances in the lower and middle troposphere that originate north of the equator over Africa. They move westward across the tropical Atlantic Ocean. [144]

flooding from hurricanes is confined to the area near landfall (T/F) [24]

F [39]

what can FEMA do to proactively limit economic costs of floods? [25]

FEMA has moved thousands of homes/buisnesses out of floodplains. government buys floodplain land and converts it to wetland. these bailouts cost a lot of money upfront but utimately save money through reduced diaster relief [74]

Associated with storm surge on coastal areas where storm makes landfall. Heavy rains. Long after the strong winds dissipate as hurricanes move onshore, the slow moving remnants can dump huge amounts of rain on places hundreds of miles from the coast. Mostly affects the eastern U.S. coastal plains and Appalachians. Two of the top rainfall events in Chicago history were from Hurricane remnants. [25]

Flooding following landfall of Tropical Cyclones [158]

Killed 1836 people Cost more than $90 billion in damage. Destroyed much of New Orleans. A devastating hurricane strike was predicted years in advance by various scientists since a good portion of New Orleans is below sea level. [24]

Hurricane Katrina [150]

what is the costliest hurricane to date in US history? [24]

Hurricane harvey at 70-190 billion [20]

Inland flooding [24]

Hurricanes weaken rapidly as they move inland but remnants can still cause flooding rains to areas well away from coasts. Rainfall can be especially heavy when the storm slows or stalls. [146]

1997-1998 El Nino Worldwide weather impacts: [23]

Indonesia drought in normally wet climate. Brush fires and crop failures occurred. Summer monsoon failed to occur in India leading to drought. Flooding rains across southern California, Gulf Coast, and Florida. Above normal temperatures across northern U.S. [130]

measures moisture deficiency standard to local climate conditions. 1. Based on departures from normal conditions for a location and is a relative measure that is comparable across different regions. 2. It is cumulative in sense that each period's precip. and temperature provide incremental change to the prior value of the index. Since the PDSI changes rather slowly, it is good for tracking long term droughts. [26]

Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) [159]

_____ that act as windbreaks, planting cover crops to improve soil fertility, and irrigation prevented wind erosion that occurred during Dust Bowl. Farmers could work other jobs (as opposed to 1930s Depression). [26]

Planting trees [166]

Recipe to form hurricanes: 6 things needed. [24]

Sea surface temps of 80F(26.5C) or higher and relatively deep layer of warm water. Conditional instability through deep layer in the troposphere. Moist air in the mid-troposphere (500mb). Weak vertical wind shear above the newly forming tropical cyclone. A forming location at least 5 degrees latitude away from the equator. A source of cyclonic spin in the lower troposphere. [138]

during the el nino winter of 1997-1998, weather sensetive regions of the northern US saved billions of dollars in heating costs (T/F) [23]

T [15]

if an artificial levee breaks, areas will flood that would not have flooded if there was no levee at all (T/F) [25]

T [58]

in the 1997 red river flood, forecasters correctly predicted the highest river crest (T/F) [25]

T [69]

heavy rains from tropical cyclones are confined to the area nearby where the storm makes landfall (T/F) [25]

T [72]

in a normal year, trade winds pile up warm water in the western pacific (T/F) [23]

T [3]

Tropical disturbance [24]

Tropical weather system with organized convection, generally 100-300nm in diameter, originating in tropics or subtropics, having a non-frontal migratory nature, and maintaining its identity for 24 hours or more. There is no closed circulation. [135]

Wind damage [24]

Very strong winds occur in the eyewall, particularly in a hurricane's right front quadrant. Hurricane Wilma in Oct. 2005 stalled near Cancun/Cozumel causing many hours of hurricane force winds which devastated the area. [145]

La Nina impacts are more variable than with El Nino. [23]

Warm and dry conditions can occur over the southern U.S. Colder than normal temps can occur over West Coast, Northern Plains and upper Midwest and higher than normal precip. over Pacific Northwest /Northern Rockies/Northern Plains/Upper Midwest. Rare snows in Pacific Northwest. For Chicago, slightly below normal temps and average amounts of precipitation typically yield greater than normal amounts of snowfall. Occasionally droughts can occur in the central and eastern U.S. Greater number of hurricanes can occur in the Atlantic Ocean. [133]

La Nina: opposite of El Nino, but NOT the normal conditions outside of El Nino events. [23]

Waters in eastern Pacific Ocean are colder than average. Thus higher than normal pressure develops in the eastern Pacific and lower than normal pressure develops in the Western Pacific. Trade winds are stronger than normal. La Nina is deemed underway when sea surface temps in the Eastern Pacific are 0.5C colder than normal for 3 consecutive months. [132]

Mid-tropospheric (500mb) moisture. [24]

When a newly forming tropical cyclone mixes dry air in at mid-levels, it enhances evaporative cooling so parcels become more negatively buoyant. This causes stronger downdrafts which bring cooler, drier air down which tends to stabilize lower layers. [141]

Naming storms [24]

When a tropical depression forms from a disturbance, it is given a number (first, second, etc...) tropical cyclone of the season.(Ex: T.D. 1)‏ When the T.D. strengthens to a tropical storm, it is given a name. [137]

Rapid melting of heavy snow pack combined with heavy spring rains over frozen ground. Leads to massive runoff of water. Problem can be compounded by ice jams on rivers. [25]

Widespread Flooding compounded by snowmelt. [156]

Occur when a large amount of rain falls over a watershed for many days. Water levels along rivers rise slowly, ultimately overflowing natural river banks or artificial levees. Develop slowly and last for a week or more. Since they are slow to develop, meteorologists/hydrologists can predict their extent and give people ample warning time to move to safer ground. Cover large areas usually along a major river. Fewer fatalities than flash floods but their size and duration cause more economic losses. [25]

Widespread Floods [153]

agricultural drought [26]

a period of deficient moisture in the soil layers from which crops and plants draw their water [79]

typhoon [24]

a tropical cyclone with sustained winds of 74mph or greater - west of the international dateline [25]

during an el nino winter, california typically has ______ normal rainfall and chicago has _____ normal rainfall [23]

above above [12]

why do so many die when a tropical cyclone hits Bangladesh [24]

because 80% of Bangladesh is on a flood plain, most only 1 inch above sea level [18]

the devistateion was particularly bad in new orleans bc the city is (above/below) sea level [24]

below [44]

skies are mostly (clear/cloudy) under the 700mb high leading to continued warming of the ground. this (increases/reduces) the evaporation rate. since evaporation (absorbs/releases) a good deal of incoming solar radiation, there is more energy to heat the ground [26]

clear reduces absorbs [91]

_________weather pattern leading to Widespread flooding. Warm, moist air overruns slow moving or stationary fronts. If air is conditionally unstable, clusters of thunderstorms can develop north of the front and train eastward over same areas. Late winter event for the Southeast U.S. and Spring/summer event for Midwest/Ohio valley. [25]

cold side [155]

during el nino, wet conditions are found in the (eastern/western) equatorial pacific and dry conditions are found in the (eastern/western) equatorial pacific [23]

eastern western [6]

since dry air is {less dense/denser) than moist air, low pressure systems do not develop under the 700mb high pressure ridge [26]

denser [90]

give 2 reasons why impacts of central US droughts have changed [26]

development of better transportation systems have allowed ppl to not have to just depend on local growing conditions and irrigation is more widespread [92]

the dominant features of the 1995 chicago heat wave was the extremely high ____ [27]

dew points [122]

strom surge [24]

dome of water that moves over the land when a hurricane comes on shore [36]

eyewall [24]

donut shaped wall of intense convection surrounding the eye [33]

negative numbers on the PDSI indicate (drought/moist) conditions [26]

drought [83]

heat waves are often linked with what other hazardous weather phenomena? [27]

droughts [115]

what weather factor leads to the most deaths worldwide? [26]

droughts [76]

(dry/wet) ground enhances a heat wave [27]

dry [114]

more fatalities typically occur with (early/late) season heat waves [27]

early [107]

the surface high pressure center is found typically (east/west) of the hottest air and (east/west) of the upper level ridge [27]

east east [112]

what waves are the source of cyclonic spin needed for hurricane formation in the northern hemisphere [24]

easterly [31]

in an el nino pattern, warmer water moves to the (eastern/western) equatorial pacific [23]

eastern [5]

When sea surface temperature anomalies to be at least 0.5C for 3 consecutive months, an ___ is said to be in progress. [23]

el nino [128]

during ______ warming occurs in upper levels of the atmosphere in eastern pacific. This enhances north/south temp gradient and thus strengthens the subtropical jet [23]

el nino [171]

during __________ increased number of east coast winter cyclones. a stronger subtropical jet feeds moisture into cyclones that form and follow the Gulf of mexico/east coast storm track [23]

el nino [173]

heavy rains over west coast, (cali) where mudslides are common. heavy rains also over the southeast. US midwest will typically have warmer than normal temp and normal precip. [23]

el nino US winter [172]

heat stress is worse among the ____ and very ___ [27]

elderly very young [105]

name some reasons other than weather that made the 1930s drought worse [26]

extensive deep plowing of the great plains topsoil in the 1920s had removed the deep rooted grasses that kept the soil in place. farm machinery caused the acceleration of the conversion of arid grassland to farmland in areas that normally get only 10 inches of rain per year. erosion occurred turning the soil into dust which was then carried away by the winds. [100]

sandy caused devastation over a much larger area than normal hurricane because it merged in a massive _______- [24]

extratropical cyclone [47]

which part of the hurricane has the strongest winds [24]

eyewall [35]

(more/fewer) fatalities occur with widespread floods than flash floods [25]

fewer [60]

#1 weather related cause of property damage in the US is [25]

floods [49]

why dont hurricanes form within 5 degrees latitude of the equator [24]

for tropical circulations to form, the coriolis effect must be strong enough to deflect the air to the right. the coriolis effect is 0 at the equator. [30]

Tropical cyclone [24]

generic term for low pressure system that forms over tropical or subtropical areas. [134]

watershed [25]

geographic area that drains into a river [50]

the 1988 drought had (greater/smaller) daily temp ranges than normal [26]

greater [96]

when a certain threshold of the heat index is expected to be reached or has been present for 2 or more consecutive days the NWS will issue a ____ [27]

heat advisory [109]

in recent years, the number one weather related cause of death is _____ [27]

heat waves [103]

a summer drought pattern over the central US is associated with a 3rd (high/low) pressure system at the surface and at 700mb [26]

high [88]

Conditional instability [24]

high dew points at lower levels means net condensation occurs after a short ascent. These parcels keep rising because release of latent heat from condensation keeps them warmer than their environment. Thus tall CBs can form around the developing area of low pressure. These CBs actually help the hurricane to develop. [140]

what is the last hurricane to hit the us coastline with category 5 strength? [24]

hurricane andrew [38]

83 deaths Estimated economic cost $70 -190 billion. More than 300,000 people were left lost power in Texas. Approximately 13,000 people had been rescued across the state while an estimated 30,000 were displaced. Oil and gas production was affected in the Gulf of Mexico and inland Texas. More than 48,700 homes were affected by Harvey throughout Texas, including over 1,000 that were completely destroyed and more than 17,000 that sustained major damage. [24]

hurricane harvy [152]

_____ jams worsened the 1997 red rive flood, which was considered a ____ yr flood [25]

ice 100 [70]

Super typhoons [24]

if surface wind speeds reach 150MPH or greater. [136]

why are economic costs associated with tropical cyclones increasing [24]

increased population and real estate development that sit on the coasts and are more likely to be damaged by hurricanes and cyclones [19]

weather factors that determine the impact of floods [25]

intensity, duration, and number of rain events that occur in a region. size of rainfall area and its orientation and movement with respect to a river drainage basin. snowmelt, river ice jams, and saturation level of the soil [54]

due to the 1950s drought there was increased drilling of wells for ___ [26]

irrigation [97]

Hurricane watch [24]

issued for coastal areas where there is a threat of hurricane conditions within 36 hours. [148]

what typically causes greater than normal number of hurricanes in the atlantic? [23]

la nina [13]

the drought of 1988 coincided with a(an) (la nina/el nino) cycle [26]

la nina [94]

floodplain [25]

land that has been historically inundated by floodwaters [52]

the 1930s drought was on a (larger/smaller) scale than the 1950s and 1988 droughts [26]

larger [99]

new orleans was in the (left/right) front quadrant of katrina when it made landfall, which caused lake ponchartrain to flood and breech the levees [24]

left [46]

the 1950s drought was (more/less) severe on a socioecnomic level than the 1930s droughts. anme 2 reasons why. [26]

less lack of precipitation happened over a shorter time in the 1930s without breaks in the drought pattern and changes in agricultural practices and the 1950s economic boom softened the impacts compared to the 1930s [98]

crop marks [26]

measures moisture in the crop rooting zone [160]

hurricanes need the mid troposphere to be (moist/dry) and for vertical wind shear to be (weak/strong) [24]

moist weak [29]

in a la nina year the midwest typically has (more/less) snow while the atlantic has (more/fewer) hurricanes [23]

more more [11]

when air is near saturation, it is (more difficult/easier) to evaporate moisture off your skin and cool your body temp [27]

more difficult [104]

el nino [23]

near the end of each year, a warm current of water flows southward along coasts of ecuador and peru, replacing the cold peruvian content [126]

name some reaosns why the fatalities were so high in chicago? [27]

nighttime urban heat island effect and high dew points made it difficult for ppl without air conditioning to cool their bodies. high number of elderly live in the city. unweathered apartments acting as 'hot houses'. [124]

cold side flood events occur on the (north/south) side of a stationary front [25]

north [66]

to get snowmelt induced flooding, the storm track that brought heavy snows suring winter must shift (north/south) during the spring and bring heavy rains/thunderstorms [25]

north [67]

the central 700mb US high pressure system (keeps the jet stream north/allows it to move south). this high is also associated with (rising/sinking) air which causes dry conditions [26]

north sinking [89]

the NH trade winds are typically [23]

northeasterly [2]

rivers in the (northern/southern) US are most susceptible to snowmelt induced flooding [25]

northern [68]

a normal summer pattern over the US has (occassionally/rarely) moving south from Canada to the northern US bringing lows/fronts and precipt [26]

occasionally [87]

Tornadoes [24]

occur typically when hurricane makes landfall and are typically in the right front quadrant of the storm. As the storm makes landfall, friction slows the surface winds creating intense wind shear with height. Thunderstorm updrafts can tilt this roll into an upright position, generating mesocyclones which could trigger tornadoes. [147]

there may be a link between _______ temps in atlantic and pacific to onset of certain drought patterns in the US [26]

ocean [86]

trade winds [23]

persistent winds in the tropics [1]

typhoon haiyan was the strongest storm ever recorded when it made landfall in the ___________ [24]

phillippenes [48]

levees [25]

prohibit flow of water onto a flood plain [53]

drought is associated with a lack of what? [26]

rain and reduced water supply [77]

During drought, _______ leads to greater absorption of incoming radiation by the ground and warmer temperatures. [26]

reduced evaporation [162]

hydrological drought [26]

refers to when stream and groundwater levels are below normal for an area [81]

heat waves are associated with an upper level (ridge/trough) over the central US which keeps the jet stream (north/south) the central US [27]

ridge north [111]

what quadrant do tornados occur in (of a hurricane) when it makes landfall [24]

right front [40]

where does the worst strom surge occur (with respect to moveemnt) [24]

right front quadrant [37]

what happens to sandbags after they are used in a flood? [25]

sandbags are used to reinforce levees during widespread flooding events. sandbags are waterlogged with river water and potentially wastewater - they must be disposed of safely. currently no federal regulations govern this. so they ultimately end up in landfills as hazardous materials [73]

Hurricane season peak occurs during second week of __________ when sea surface temperatures are historically at their highest. [24]

september [139]

widespread flood develops (rapidly/slowly) and (are/are not) well forecasted by meteorologists. the public (is/is not) given ample warning time of the onset of a widespread flood [25]

slowly are is [59]

with warm side events, thunderstorms occur on the (north/south) side of a stationary front [25]

south [61]

which ocean basin is devoid of tropical cyclone activity? [24]

south atlantic [26]

the keys seasons for drought to develop east of the rockies are _______ and _______ [26]

spring & summer [85]

an inversion aloft creates very (stable/unstable) air [27]

stable [117]

what causes the most fatalities in a tropical cyclone [24]

storm surge [17]

floods due to tropical cyclones either are associated with the ___ surge or heavy ___ [25]

storms rains [71]

during el nino, the subtropical jet (strengthens/weakens) which leads to an increase in east coast cyclones and (more/fewer) hurricanes [23]

strengthens fewer [7]

the subtropical jet is typically (stronger/weaker) during an el nino event [23]

stronger [14]

in a la nina pattern, the trade winds are (stronger/weaker) than normal which means the eastern equatorial pacific will be (colder/warmer) than normal [23]

stronger colder [10]

name some reasons why ppl were motivated to migrate to the great plains in the early 20th century [26]

the homestead act of 1862 - hundreds of acres were granted to people willing to settle in the great plains. an unusually wet period occurred in the early 20th century which motivated people to agriculturally develop the region. WWI caused wheat shortage and a rise in prices, enticing many to farm the great plains. [101]

tropical cyclones [24]

the most destructive storms on earth [16]

Weak vertical wind shear [24]

to develop and sustain hurricanes, both directional and speed shear should be light. [142]

tropical storm [24]

tropical cyclone in which has sustained winds greater than 38mph and less than 74 mph. and it is named. [23]

hurricane [24]

tropical cyclone with 74mph or greater sustained winds - in the atlantic and pacific oceans [24]

if an artificial levee breaks, areas will flood that would not have flooded if there was no levee at all (t/f) [25]

true [75]

during 1997-1998 el nino event, department store sales were (up/down) while sales of snow equiptment were (up/down). heating costs were (up/down) [23]

up down down [9]

________ weather pattern leading to Widespread flooding. Clusters of lines of thunderstorms form on warm side of nearly stationary front and move slowing along the front. Since the upper level steering flow is parallel to the front, these storms dump heavy rain as they train over same areas. [25]

warm side [154]

the urban heat island effect keeps cities (warmer/cooler) than rural areas [27]

warmer [119]

During El Nino, ______ occurs in upper levels of the atmosphere in eastern Pacific. This enhances north-south temp. gradient and thus strengthens the Subtropical jet. [23]

warming [129]

an excessive ________________________ is issued when prolonged periods of a high heat index are expected or an extremely high index is expected for a single day [27]

warning [110]

in an el nino pattern, surface pressure patterns (strengthen/weaken) which causes trade winds to (weaken/strengthen) [23]

weaken weaken [4]

during an el nino winter, the west coast will typically be (wet/dry) while chicago will have (above/below) avg temp [23]

wet above [8]

flood stage [25]

when a river rises to a level where it will flood property [51]

tropical depression [24]

when a tropical cyclone gets a closed circulation and has sustained winds 38MPH or less,and is iven a number [22]

Hurricane warning [24]

when hurricane conditions are expected in 24 hours or less. [149]

socioeconomic drought [26]

when the moisture shortage is sufficiently large that it impacts people [80]

upwelling [23]

where cold water is brought from below to the surface [170]