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What was the Boxer Rebellion?
1. The Boxer Rebellion was a violent anti-foreign reaction that swept China. It was encouraged the Qing court (Empress dowager Tzu Hsi) and led by a secret society known as the Boxers (patriotic, conservatives who blamed China's ills on foreigners, charging foreign missionaries with undermining Chinese reverence for their ancestors and threatening the Chinese family and society). Increased violence led to threats and demands from Western governments to which the empress answered by declaring war; she had hoped the Boxers might relieve foreign pressure on the government. The Boxers were swiftly defeated, and Beijing was occupied and plundered. In 1901 China was forced to accept a long list of penalties, including a heavy financial indemnity.
What belief drove native opponents to European colonial rule...in other words, why did some criticize the idea of colonial rule?
2. Human dignity, economic emancipation and political independence were all incompatible with foreign rule. The West imposed the very ideals of liberalism, civil liberties and political self-determination at home, yet denied those very principles to its colonies. Also, they were attracted to nationalism, which asserted that people had the right to control its own destiny.
How did some British women seek to affect British colonialism in India in the 19th century?
3. A small minority of British women - many of them feminists, social reformers, or missionaries - tried to improve the lives of Indian women, both Hindu and Muslim, promoting education, and legislation to move them closer to better conditions they believed Western women had attained. Their greatest success was educating some elite Hindu women who took up the cause of reform.
By 1890, how had Japan met the challenge of Western expansion?
4. Japan had "opened" Korea with its own gunboat diplomacy in 1876, and decisively defeated China in a war over Korea in 1894 and 1895 and took Formosa (Taiwan). Japan competed aggressively with European powers for influence and territory in China, In 1904 Japan attacked Russia, and after a bloody war, Japan emerged with valuable foothold in China. With the annexation of Korea in 1910, Japan had become a major imperialist power.
After 1860, why did foreign aggression diminish in China until near the end of the century?
5. Foreign aggression lessened because the Europeans had obtained their primary goal of establishing commercial and diplomatic relations with China.
What was the all-important goal of the architects of the Meiji Restoration?
6. The architects of the Meiji Restoration, their main goal was to meet the foreign threat.
The Meiji Restoration restored the Japanese emperor to power and... ?
7. The Meiji Restoration restored the Japanese emperor to poet in 1867, and lead to the subsequent modernization of Japan. The new leaders abolished the old decentralized government and formed a strong unified state. They dismantled the four-class legal system and declared social equality. They decreed freedom of movement in a country where traveling abroad had been a serious crime. They created a free, competitive government-stimulated economy. Japan began building railroads and modern factories. They adopted many principles of a free, liberal society, which resulted in the creative release of human energy. State leaders created a modern navy and reorganized the army of European lines. Japan adapted the West's science and technology, particularly in medicine, industry, and education. Japan established an authoritarian constitution and rejected democracy. The Emperor had great power, the legislate very little. Japan copied Western imperialism.