Nutrition - Chapter 4 Book Questions
Which of the following dietary components are absorbed by the cells lining the stomach?
-Water -Alcohol
Factors that contribute to the development of irritable bowel syndrome include
-altered gut immunity -psychosocial distress -abnormal intestinal motility
Digestive enzymes
-are made of protein -catalyze chemical reactions
Secretions from the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are delivered into the small intestines via the
-bile duct -pancreatic duct
The main functions of the large intestine include
-house gut microbiota -absorb water and electrolytes -form and expel feces
The role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to
-make vitamin K and biotin -metabolize undigested food
Which of the following nutrients are absorbed in the lymphatic system?
-most fats -fat-soluble vitamins
Complications of inflammatory bowel disease include
-nutritional deficiencies such as anemia and oesteoporosis -protein-calorie malnutrition
Diarrhea in young children is typically cause by
-rotavirus -viruses -bacteria
Causes of hemmorrhoids
-straining during bowel movements -pregnancy and obesity -added stress to the veins of the rectum and anus
The stomach empties in about ____________ hours depending on the contents and size of the meal
1-4
The large intestine absorbs about ______________ percent of the water
10
The metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and protein yields
ATP
The intrinsic factor is needed for the absorption of which B vitamin in the small intestine?
B-12
Which of the following are examples of organ systems?
Digestive and Endocrine
Short chain fermentable carbohydrates that have been shown to reduce IBS symptoms are known as
FODMAPs
How much digestive fluid is secreted into the GI tract over the course of a day?
about 29 cups
When a nutrient requires a carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called
active absorption
Factors that influence adult human gut microbiome composition include
alcohol, smoking, exercise
Nutritional status has ____________ effect on organ function
an
HCI destroys most harmful __________ and viruses in foods
bacteria
The pancreatic juices are very ___________ to neutralize the acidic chyme arriving from the stomach
basic, alkaline
Nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are delivered to which circulatory systems in the body?
cardiovascular system and lymphatic system
The smallest functional unit of the body is called a
cell
tendons and cartilage are made of ____________ tissue
connective
Pyloric sphincter
control the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine
Hepatopancreatic sphincter
controls the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine
Feces in the rectum are a powerful stimulation for ____________
defecation
In developing countries, each year more children die from
diarrhea
Arrange the parts of the small intestine in the order they appear in the HI tracts
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
One function of bile is to _______________ fats, to disperse fat into many tiny droplets
emulsify
Swallowing moves food from the mouth to the
esophagus
Current research does not support the use of dietary ____________ in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome
fiber
Intestinal gas that is passed through the rectum is called
flatulence
Sour
from acids
Umami
from amino acids, primarily glutamate
Bitter
from diverse compounds such as caffeine and quinine
Salty
from metal ions such as sodium
Sweet
from organic compounds such as sugars
The stomach hormone that increases food intake is called
ghrelin
The protein ___________ found in wheat and related grains triggers an autoimmune response in individuals with celiac disease
gluten
swollen veins of the rectum and anus
hemorrhoids
Because of the hormones released during pregnancy, a pregnant woman is at _________________ risk for constipation
increased
The substance necessary for the body to absorb Vitamin B-12 is
intrinsic factor
Beneficial bacteria reside in the _____________ intestine
large
The ____________ intestine is the main site where electrolytes especially sodium and potassium, are absorbed.
large
The ______________ intestine is the main site where electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium, are absorbed
large
These nutrients would be picked up into the lymphatic system
large protein molecules
The large intestine is described as large compared to the small intestine because it is
larger in diameter than the small intense
Identify three organs that are important parts of the digestive system, that do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract
liver, gallbladder, pancreas
The resident bacteria throughout the GI tract are referred to as the gut
microbiota
Put the following digestive organs in the order they come in contact with food
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Which layer of the wall of the intestinal tract has many tiny fingerlike structures that project into the GI lumen and trap nutrients
mucosa
Each enzyme acts on __________ type(s) of chemical process
only one
Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called
peristalsis
A substance that serves as fuel for bacteria in the large intestine is called a
prebiotic
Fermentation has traditionally been used to
preserve foods
Lower esophageal sphincter
prevent backflow (reflux) of stomach contents into the esophagus
Anal sphincter
prevents defecation until person desires to do so
Ileocecal valve
prevents the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine
The beneficial bacteria found in fermented foods, such as yogurt, kefir, and miso are known as _________ bacteria
probiotic
Yogurt would be classified as a __________ food
probitotic
Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called ________ which is produced by glands in the mouth
saliva
The most frequent peristalsis takes place in this organ of the GI tract
small intestine
What is the substance in the pancreatic juice that allows us to buffer the acidic contents arriving in the small intestine from the stomach?
sodium bicarbonate
IBS is often triggered by
specific foods
Pancreatic amylase is responsible for breaking down __________ for digestion
starch
Chyme is formed in the
stomach
The primary function of the pyloric sphincter is to control the flow of food contents from the __________ into the small intestine
stomach
The pyloric sphincter is a ringlike muscle located between which of the following two organs of the GI tract?
stomach and small intestine
The contents of the stomach pass through the pyloric sphincter at the rate of a __________ at a time
teaspoon
Digestion is
the process of breaking down foods into smaller components
most cases of diarrhea result from
viral and bacterial infection
Which of the following are absorbed in the large intestine?
water and electrolytes
Fluids that involve in the processes of digestion and absorption may contain
water, hormones, acid, mucus
Gluten-free diets have been shown to help people
with celiac disease
Irritable bowel syndrome is more common in younger
women